Infectious bursal disease virus’ interferences with host immune cells: what do we know?

Figures & data

Table 1. Overview of the functions of IBDV viral proteins (VP) and their interaction with host factors.

Viral protein (VP)	Function	Interaction with the host		References
		Induction of	Protection from
VP1	Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase			Morgan et al. (1988) van den Berg (2000) Felice et al. (2017)
VP2	Outer layer of the capsid	Neutralizing antibodies Apoptosis through Reduction of ORAOV1 Detection by PKR		Böttcher et al. (1997) Fahey et al. (1989) Busnadiego et al. (2012) Qin & Zheng (2017)
VP3	Inner layer of the capsid Ensures viral replication and morphogenesis Builds RNPs with VP1 and dsRNA for replication Activates VP1	Target of TRIM25	Apoptosis Bound to VP2 Bound to IBDVs dsRNA Inhibition of IFN-ß production Autophagy by the PIK3C3-PDPK1	Böttcher et al. (1997) Maraver et al. (2003) Garriga et al. (2007) Luque et al. (2009) Busnadiego et al. (2012) Zhang et al. (2020) Deng et al. (2021) Wang, Yu, et al. (2021)
VP4	Viral serine-lysine protease Cuts Precursor polyprotein pVP2 and releases its endopeptidase		Innate immune response by Inhibition of K48-coupled ubiquitylation of GILZ	Birghan et al. (2000) Qin & Zheng (2017) He et al. (2018) Da Costa et al. (2002)
VP5	Non-structural protein	Late apoptosis for virus release by sequestering with VDAC2 and RACK1	Early apoptosis by activating PI3K/ Akt pathway	Mundt et al. (1995) Qin & Zheng (2017)

Notes: RNP = ribonucleoprotein, ORAOV1 = oral cancer overexpressed 1, PKR = double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, VDAC = voltage-dependent anion channel, RACK1 = receptor of activated protein C kinase 1, TRIM = tripartite motif, IFN = interferon, PIK3C3-PDPK1 = phosphatidylinositol 3 – kinase catalytic subunit type 3 – phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1 – mammalian target or rapamycin pathway, GILZ = glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper, PI3K = phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.

Table 2. Host receptors for binding IBDV.

Receptors	Receptor identification in IBDV-infection				Reference
	In vitro	In vivo
		BF	Thymus	Spleen
CD44*	DT40 (A) 293T (M) DF-1 (A)	X	X		Liu et al. (2022)
CD74**	DT40 (A) 293T (M) HeLa (M)	X			Liu et al. (2020)
λ light chain of IgM	DT40 (A)				Luo et al. (2010)
α4β1 integrin	BALB/c 3T3 (M)				Delgui et al. (2009)
cHsp90	DF-1 (A)				Lin et al. (2007)
N-glycosylated protein	LSCC-BK3 (A)				Ogawa et al. (1998)
40 kDa and 46 kDa protein	CEF (A)	X	X	X	Nieper & Muller (1996)

* Widely spread transmembrane glycoprotein on lymphocytes and non-lymphocytes.

** Invariant chain of major histocompatibility complex class II.

(A) = avian derived cell line; (M) = mammalian derived cell line; X = detected.

Figure 1. Schematic overview of key immunological events in the bursa of Fabricius within the context of IBDV infection up to the time of beginning recovery. Created with BioRender.com

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