Volumetric assessment of lower limb oedema using 3D laser scanning technique: a systematic review

Figures & data

Table 1. Literature search strategy.

Individual	Oedema OR Edema OR Swelling OR Fluid build up
	AND
Body segment	Lower limb OR Lower extremity OR Leg
	AND
Device	Scan 3D Scan Device Imaging Technology Technologies

Figure 1. PRISMA flowchart of results from the literature search.

Table 2. Summary of articles.

Author	Population	Aim	Intervention	Type of 3D scanner	Results	Conclusion
Mestre et al. [10]	30 CVI^a patients 30 lymphedema patients 30 healthy controls	To compare 3D laser scanning and the WD method test for lower limb volume measurement	Each participant underwent three laser scans and one water displacement (WD) test, in random order, performed by two independent observers.	Hand-held 3D scanner	The 3D laser scanning showed repeatability of data produced between observer 1 and 2. However, laser scanning overestimated volume by 90 ml in contrast to WD.	3D laser scanning is accurate and reproducible when compared to WD technique.
Hayn et al. [11]	18 patients following knee arthroscopy surgery	To compare measurement of leg oedema using a low-cost 3D scanner with tape measurement	11 points of reference were selected. 3D scan data were compared to leg circumference data measured with measuring tape.	Kinect based standing 3D camera sensor	Strong correlations were found for 10 reference points but not for curvature point (1–8 centimetre above the ankle) of the leg.	3D imaging might be a useful and cost-effective extension to home monitoring.
Cau et al. [12]	11 healthy females 21 obese females	To compare 3D laser scanner with tape measure for assessing lower limb volume of healthy females and obese females.	The lower limb was divided into different measurement points. 3D scan data were compared to leg circumference data measured with tape.	Hand-held 3D scanner	Data showed statistically significant differences in volume between the 3D scanner and tape measure.	3D laser scanner is better for detecting uneven limb shapes in contrast to the tape measure.
Hirai et al. [13]	23 healthy participants	To assess usability and accuracy of a halogen light 3D scanner in measuring foot oedema.	The circumference and volume of the foot were measured in 10 places every 1 mm, using a halogen 3D scanner in the morning and evening, with and without elastic stockings.	Halogen light standing 3D scanner	Data showed good reproducibility for ankle and calf, but poorer reproducibility for foot.	Halogen light 3D measurement system may be a reliable and useful tool for evaluating oedema in the calf or ankle.

^a Chronic venous inefficiency.

Mestre S, Veye F, Perez-Martin A, et al. Validation of lower limb segmental volumetry with hand-held, self-positioning three-dimensional laser scanner against water displacement. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2014;2(1):39–45.

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Hayn D, Fruhwald F, Riedel A, et al. Leg edema quantification for heart failure patients via 3D imaging. Sensors. 2013;13(8):10584–10598.

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Cau N, Corna S, Aspesi V, et al. Circumferential versus hand-held laser scanner method for the evaluation of lower limb volumes in normal-weight and obese subjects. J Nov Physiother. 2016;6(4):2.

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Hirai M, Iwata H, Niimi K, et al. Improvement of a three-dimensional measurement system for the evaluation of foot edema. Skin Res Technol. 2012;18(1):120–124.

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