Student perceptions of supports for managing study in higher education according to internal and external locus of control 

Figures & data

Table 1. Valid Response Rate: 430/670 = 64.17%.

	S1 2019	S2 2019	S3 2019	S1 2020	S3 2020	S1 2021	S3 2021	S1 2022	Total
Total students in course	87	25	140	55	98	91	86	88	670
On-campus	47			22		30		40	139
Online	40	25	140	33	98	61	86	48	531
Valid Responses Q3	53	23	104	48	70	47	48	37	430

Table 2. Overview of the identified codes.

TYPE	CODE	% Respondents	% Codes	Responses	Codes
Internal	PLANNING schedule; diary; organisation	58%	23%	249	282
Internal	STUDY TECHNIQUES and aids; lists; routines; practice	37%	15%	157	191
External	LEARNING RESOURCES access; Tutorials; Lectures; forums; F2F; on campus; engaging examples	35%	16%	152	202
External	COURSE & ASSESSMENTS design; expectations; instructions; schedules; deadlines; flexibility; reminders	25%	11%	106	132
External	STAFF access; skills; support; feedback; communication	18%	6%	76	80
Internal	EFFORT application; attendance; practice; help seeking	17%	6%	72	76
External	PEERS discussions; collaborate	16%	5%	68	68
Internal	ATTITUDE motivation; confidence; discipline; focus	15%	5%	63	64
Internal	SELF CARE health; diet; rest; balance; coffee	10%	4%	43	45
Internal	INDEPENDENT LEARNER reflections; own pace; own understanding	10%	3%	41	41
External	FAMILY Partner family community; support network	8%	3%	36	37
External	LEARNING WORKSPACE	7%	2%	29	29

Figure 1. Orientation of responses according to LOC.

Table 3. Student responses according to fully internal and external LOC orientation.

Fully internal LOC (n = 127)	% Respondents	No. of respondents
Planning schedule; diary; organisation	80%	101
Study techniques and aids; lists; routines; practice	68%	86
Effort: application; attendance; practice; help seeking	32%	41
Attitude: motivation; confidence; discipline; focus	28%	36
Self care: health; diet; rest; balance; coffee	17%	21
Independent learner reflections; own pace; own understanding	10%	13
Fully external LOC (n = 77)
Learning resources access; tutorials; lectures; forums; f2f; on campus; engaging examples	75%	58
Course & assessments design; expectations; instructions; schedules; deadlines; flexibility; reminders	60%	46
Staff access; skills; support; feedback; communication	36%	28
Peers discussions; collaboration	25%	19
Family partner family community; support network	6%	5
Learning workspace privacy, concentration	5%	4