First known extinct feathertail possums (Acrobatidae, Marsupialia): palaeobiodiversity, phylogenetics, palaeoecology and palaeogeography

Figures & data

Table 1. Recent divergence time estimates for the divergence of acrobatids from other petauroids, and for the Acrobates–Distoechurus divergence, using molecular clock node-dating and total evidence tip-and-node dating.

Study	Data type	Method	Estimated age of divergence of acrobatids from other petauroids	Estimated age of Acrobates–Distoechurus divergence
Meredith et al. (2009)	Molecular (nuclear sequences)	Node dating	40.5 (34.5–46.8)	25.1 (20.2–30.4)
Meredith et al. (2011)	Molecular (nuclear sequences)	Node dating	42.0 (31.5–53.1)	N/A
Mitchell et al. (2014)	Molecular (nuclear and mitochondrial sequences)	Node dating	40.6 (37.3–43.7)	27.2 (22.9–31.3)
Duchêne et al. (2018)	Molecular (nuclear sequences)	Node dating	43.1 (39.8–46.1)	28.3 (25.4–31.4)
Álvarez-Carretero et al. (2022)	Molecular (nuclear and mitochondrial sequences)	Node dating	31.8 (30.5–33.0)	23.4 (20.9–25.8)
Beck et al. (2022)	Total evidence (nuclear and mitochondrial sequences and craniodental characters)	Tip-and-node dating	29.0 (26.4–32.7)	14.1 (10.3–18.1)

Dates in brackets represent 95% confidence/credibility intervals.

Figure 1. Interpreted tooth and cusp homology for acrobatids. A, Lower molar Rm1. B, Lower dentition i1–2 p1–3 m1–4. Abbreviations: A, anterior; end, entoconid; hyd, hypoconid; L, lingual; med, metaconid; pad, paraconid; prd, protoconid. Modified from drawing by M. Woodburne in Archer (1984). [81 mm width].

Table 2. p-values for Mann–Whitney U tests comparing m1 length for A. pygmaeus, A. magicus sp. nov., A. pettitorum sp. nov., D. pennatus, and D. georginae sp. nov.

	M1 length	m1 posterior width
A. pygmaeus versus A. magicus n = 21 versus n = 18	0.0001	0.007527
A. pygmaeus versus A. pettitorum n = 21 versus n = 2	0.0040	0.008
A. pygmaeus versus D. pennatus n = 21 versus n = 11	0.0001	<0.0001
A. pygmaeus versus D. georginae n = 21 versus n = 6	<0.0001	<0.0001
A. magicus versus A. pettitorum n = 18 versus n = 2	0.02632	0.25
A. magicus versus D. pennatus n = 18 versus n = 11	<0.0001	0.0008
A. magicus versus D. georginae n = 18 versus n = 6	<0.0001	0.0075
A. pettitorum versus D. pennatus n = 18 versus n = 11	0.0303	0.0303
A. pettitorum versus D. georginae n = 18 versus n = 6	1	0.0526
D. pennatus versusD. georginae n = 18 versus n = 6	0.0006	<0.0001

Bold indicates non-significance (based on p < 0.05, corrected with a False Discovery Rate of 5%).

Figure 2. A–C, Distoechurus jeanesorum sp. nov., QM F61140 holotype, Lm1. A, buccal view. B, C, occlusal stereopair. D–I, Distoechurus georginae sp. nov. D–F, QM F61145, Rm1. D, buccal view; E, F, occlusal stereopair. G–I, QM F61144 holotype, Rm1. G, buccal view; H, I, occlusal stereopair. Scale = 1 mm. [169 mm width].

Figure 3. Acrobates magicus sp. nov. A–C, QM F61153 holotype. A, occlusal view, Ri1–m4; B, C, occlusal stereopair, Rp3–m4. D–G, QM F61154, Ri1, p2–m2. D, buccal view; E, lingual view; F, G, occlusal stereopair. Scale = 2 mm. [169 mm width].

Figure 4. Acrobates pettitorum sp. nov., QM F61169 holotype, Lm1. A, buccal view; B, C, occlusal stereopair. Scale = 1 mm. [169 mm width].

Table 3. Univariate statistics for Acrobates pygmaeus, Acrobates magicus sp. nov. and Acrobates pettitorum sp. nov. Measurements (mm).

Acrobates pygmaeus						Acrobates magicus						Acrobates pettitorum
Lower Teeth	N	OR	Mean	SD	CV	Lower Teeth	N	OR	Mean	SD	CV	Lower Teeth	N	OR	Mean	SD	CV
p2 L	21	0.72–1	0.86	0.07	8.58	p2 L	7	0.87–0.98	0.92	0.04	3.89	p2 L	–	–	–	–	–
p2 W	21	0.26–0.46	0.35	0.05	15.40	p2 W	7	0.4–0.48	0.44	0.03	7.08	p2 W	–	–	–	–	–
p3 L	21	0.72–0.94	0.81	0.05	6.15	p3 L	10	0.74–0.84	0.79	0.04	4.49	p3 L	–	–	–	–	–
p3 W	21	0.36–0.55	0.43	0.05	11.25	p3 W	10	0.39–0.44	0.42	0.02	3.87	p3 W	–	–	–	–	–
m1 L	21	0.87–1.03	0.95	0.04	4.27	m1 L	18	1.2–1.39	1.26	0.05	3.67	m1 L	2	1.38	0.07	5.12
m1 PW	21	0.57–0.71	0.65	0.04	5.83	m1 PW	18	0.73–0.9	0.81	0.05	5.70	m1 PW	2	0.93	0.08	8.41
m2 L	21	0.9–1.03	0.95	0.03	2.98	m2 L	21	1.12–1.33	1.18	0.05	4.22	m2 L	–	–	–	–	–
m2 AW	21	0.64–0.79	0.72	0.04	5.28	m2 AW	21	0.7–0.9	0.81	0.05	5.89	m2 AW	–	–	–	–	–
m2 PW	21	0.6–0.83	0.73	0.05	7.15	m2 PW	21	0.81–0.92	0.86	0.03	3.74	m2 PW	–	–	–	–	–
m3 L	21	0.79–0.98	0.87	0.04	4.86	m3 L	9	0.95–1.07	1.00	0.04	3.54	m3 L	–	–	–	–	–
m3 AW	21	0.63–0.8	0.69	0.04	5.85	m3 AW	9	0.7–0.84	0.76	0.05	6.00	m3 AW	–	–	–	–	–
m3 PW	21	0.54–0.75	0.60	0.05	8.48	m3 PW	8	0.66–0.83	0.76	0.05	7.00	m3 PW	–	–	–	–	–
m4 L	–	–	–	–	–	m4 L	4	0.61–0.72	0.68	0.05	8.07	m4 L	–	–	–	–	–
m4 AW	–	–	–	–	–	m4 AW	4	0.47–0.63	0.57	0.07	13.06	m4 AW	–	–	–	–	–
m4 PW	–	–	–	–	–	m4 PW	4	0.33–0.49	0.43	0.08	17.55	m4 PW	–	–	–	–	–
m1–2 L	21	1.57-2.06	1.90	0.10	5.40	m1-2 L	8	2.35–2.46	2.40	0.042	1.75	m1-2 L	–	–	–	–	–
m1–3 L	21	2.63-2.94	2.81	0.07	2.51	m1-3 L	3	3.33–3.41	3.36	0.044	1.30	m1-3 L	–	–	–	–	–
Average Variation Coefficient					6.71	Average Variation Coefficient					5.93	Average Variation Coefficient					6.77

Abbreviations. N, number of specimens; OR, observed range; SD, standard deviation; CV, coefficient of variation; L, length; W, width; AW, anterior width; PW, posterior width.

Table 4. Univariate statistics for Distoechurus pennatus and Distoechurus georginae sp. nov. Measurements (mm).

Distoechurus pennatus						Distoechurus georginae
Lower Teeth	N	OR	Mean	SD	CV	Lower Teeth	N	OR	Mean	SD	CV
p2 L	11	1.41–1.69	1.56	0.092	5.90	p2 L	–	–	–	–	–
p2 W	11	0.53–0.68	0.6	0.047	7.89	p2 W	–	–	–	–	–
p3 L	–	–	–	–	–	p3 L	–	–	–	–	–
p3 W	–	–	–	–	–	p3 W	–	–	–	–	–
m1 L	11	1.73–2.01	1.84	0.082	4.47	m1 L	6	1.3–1.48	1.37	0.07	4.78
m1 PW	11	1.01–1.2	1.08	0.058	5.41	m1 PW	6	0.84–0.94	0.86	0.04	4.38
m2 L	11	1.49–1.76	1.64	0.089	5.39	m2 L	–	–	–	–	–
m2 AW	11	1.01–1.23	1.1	0.061	5.53	m2 AW	–	–	–	–	–
m2 PW	11	0.97–1.15	1.045	0.049	4.69	m2 PW	–	–	–	–	–
m3 L	11	1.8–1.4	1.29	0.068	5.23	m3 L	–	–	–	–	–
m3 AW	11	0.86–0.97	0.92	0.037	4.06	m3 AW	–	–	–	–	–
m3 PW	11	0.72–0.89	0.81	0.049	6.13	m3 PW	–	–	–	–	–
m4 L	–	–	–	–	–	m4 L	–	–	–	–	–
m4 AW	–	–	–	–	–	m4 AW	–	–	–	–	–
m4 PW	–	–	–	–	–	m4 PW	–	–	–	–	–
m1–2 L	11	3.31–3.72	3.46	0.13	3.75	m1-2 L	–	–	–	–	–
m1–3 L	11	4.48–4.95	4.7	0.17	3.55	m1-3 L	–	–	–	–	–
Average Variation Coefficient					5.17	Average Variation Coefficient					4.58

Abbreviations. N, number of specimens; OR, observed range; SD, standard deviation; CV, coefficient of variation; L, length; W, width; AW, anterior width; PW, posterior width.

Figure 5. Results of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of 10 dental measurements of p2 and m1–3 for Acrobates pygmaeus, Acrobates magicus sp. nov. and Distoechurus pennatus. [81 mm width].

Table 5. Summary statistics of principal components analysis using 10 measurements of p2 and m1–3 of A. pygmaeus, A. magicus sp. nov. and D. pennatus.

Component	1	2
Eigenvalue:	0.288381	0.0107495
% Variance	93.745	3.4944
Cumulative percent	93.745	97.2394
Eigenvectors:
p2 length	0.4475	−0.664
p2 width	0.1563	0.09813
m1 length	0.5588	−0.02785
m1 posterior width	0.2654	0.2437
m2 length	0.4352	0.05916
m2 anterior width	0.2436	0.05218
m2 posterior width	0.1964	0.2793
m3 length	0.2624	0.1557
m3 anterior width	0.1443	0.1693
m3 posterior width	0.1249	0.5934

Figure 6. Single most parsimonious tree from the unordered analysis with bootstrap, jackknife and Bremer support values given. Bootstrap and jackknife support values in blue, with jackknife values given in parentheses, Bremer support values given in red. No jackknife value is given when support value is below 50. [169 mm width].

Figure 7. Strict consensus of the three most parsimonious trees in the ordered analysis. Bootstrap and jackknife support values in blue, with jackknife values given in parentheses and Bremer support values given in red. No jackknife value is given when support value is below 50. All character transformations are listed. [169 mm width].

Table

Specimens referable to Distoechurus jeanesorum
Specimen	Specimen description	Site
QM F61140 (holotype)	Isolated molar, Lm1	White Hunter
Specimens referable to Distoechurus georginae
Specimen	Specimendescription	Site
QM F61141	Isolated molar, Rm1	Gotham City
QM F30898	Isolated molar, Rm1	Gotham City
QM F30920	Isolated molar, Rm1	Gotham City
QM F61144 (holotype)	Isolated molar, Rm1	Gotham City
QM F30897	Isolated molar, Rm1	Gotham City
QM F23030	Isolated molar, Lm1	Ringtail
QM F61145	Isolated molar, Rm1	Upper
QM F61142	Isolated molar, Rm1	Upper
QM F61143	Isolated molar, Lm1	Upper
Specimens referable to Acrobates magicus
Specimen	Specimen description	Site
QM F61146	Partial dentary, Rm1–4.	RSO
QM F61147	Dentary Li1, p3, m3, alveoli present for i2, p1–2, m1–2, 4.	RSO
QM F61148	Partial dentary, Rp3, m1, alveoli present for i1–2, p1–2, m2–3, 4, damage to m1.	RSO
QM F61149	Partial dentary, Ri1–2, p2–3, m1–3 (p2–3 and m3 broken).	Upper
QM F61150	Partial dentary, Li1, p2, alveoli present for i2, p1 and anterior alveolus of p3	Wayne’s Wok
QM F61151	Partial dentary, Lp3, m1–3, alveoli present for p2.	Upper
QM F61152	Partial dentary, Rm1–3.	Upper
QM F61153 (holotype)	Partial dentary, Ri1, p1,3, m1–4, alveoli present for p2	Upper
QM F61154	Partial dentary, Ri1, p2–3, m1–2, alveoli present for i2, p1.	Upper
QM F30941	Partial dentary, Ri1–2, p1–2.	Upper
QM F61155	Dentary fragment, Lm1–2	Judith’s Horizontal
QM F61156	Partial dentary, Rp3, m2, alveoli present for m1.	Neville’s Garden
QM F61157	Isolated molar, Lm1.	Neville’s Garden
QM F61158	Isolated molar, Lm1.	Upper
QM F61159	Isolated molar, Lm1.	Upper
QM F61160	Isolated molar, Lm1.	Upper
QM F61161	Isolated molar, Lm1	Upper
QM F61162	Isolated molar, Lm1.	Upper
QM F61163	Isolated molar, Lm1.	Wayne’s Wok
QM F61164	Isolated molar, Rm2.	Wayne’s Wok
QM F61165	Isolated molar, Rm2.	Wayne’s Wok
QM F61166	Partial dentary, Ri1, p2–3, m1, with alveoli present for i2, p1	Wayne’s Wok
QM F61167	Isolated molar, Rm1	Wayne’s Wok
QM F20727	Partial dentary, Lm2–3, alveoli present for m4	Wayne’s Wok
QM F20734	Isolated molar, Lm2	Camel Sputum
QM F20778	Partial dentary, Rm2, alveoli present for m3–4.	Upper
QM F20782	Partial dentary, Rp2–3, m1–2.	Upper
QM F20797	Isolated molar, Rm2.	Upper
QM F23835	Partial dentary, Lm2–4.	Neville’s Garden
QM F24315	Partial dentary, Rm2, alveoli present for m1, 3–4.	Wayne’s Wok
QM F30796	Partial dentary, Rm2–4.	Neville’s Garden
QM F30928	Partial dentary, Rp2, m1–3	Neville’s Garden
QM F30930	Partial dentary, Ri1, p3, m1, alveoli present for p2	Neville’s Garden
QM F30954	Partial dentary, Ri2, p1–3, p2–3 cusps broken.	Upper
QM F30956	Partial dentary, Lm1–2	Upper
QM F30967	Partial dentary, Rm1–2	Wayne’s Wok
Specimens referable to Acrobates pettitorum
Specimen	Specimen description	Site
QM F61168	Isolated molar, Rm1	Gotham City
QM F61169 (holotype)	Isolated molar, Lm1	Gotham City

List of specimens used for morphometric and phylogenetic analyses in this study

Acrobates pygmaeus
Specimen	Specimen description	Site
AMS M1192	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	Gunnedah, NSW.
AMS M2436	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	No Data.
AMS M2495	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	Marrangaroo, NSW.
AMS M2614	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	Uralla, NSW.
AMS M2695	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	Narellan, nr Camden, NSW.
AMS M2723	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	Revesby, Sydney, NSW.
AMS M2751	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	Bankstown, Sydney, NSW.
AMS M3001	Skull and dentary, male.	Belltrees, Scone, NSW.
AMS M3048	Skull and dentary, female.	New Forest, Newnes Junction, NSW.
AMS M3294	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	Cox River, Lithgow, NSW.
AMS M3295	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	Cox River, Lithgow, NSW.
AMS M3297	Skull and dentary, male.	Cox River, Lithgow, NSW.
AMS M3298	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	Cox River, Lithgow, NSW.
AMS M3299	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	Brown’s Paddock, Lithgow, NSW.
AMS M3723	Skull and dentary, female.	Portland, NSW.
AMS M4197	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	No Data.
AMS M5060	Skull and dentary, male.	Avondale, Burragate, NSW.
AMS M5072	Skull and dentary, male.	Lindfield, Sydney, NSW.
AMS M5356	Skull and dentary, female.	St. Ives, Sydney, NSW.
AMS M5377	Skull and dentary, male.	Martinsville, Lake Macquarie, NSW.
AMS M5522	Skull and dentary, male.	"Wellingrove Station”, Glen Innes, NSW.
AMS M6151	Skull and dentary, female.	Balgowlah, Sydney, NSW.
AMS M6162	Skull and dentary, male.	Bylong, nr Rylestone, NSW.
AMS M8170	Skull and dentary, female.	Empire Bay, nr Woy Woy, NSW.
AMS M8172	Skull and dentary, female.	Curlewis, 10mls S of Gunnedah, NSW.
AMS M8175	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	Maitland, NSW.
AMS M8175	Skull and dentary, male.	Maitland, NSW.
AMS M8176	Skull and dentary, female.	Carcoar, NSW.
AMS M8326	Skull and dentary, male.	Maraylya, nr Windsor, NSW.
AMS M14020	Skull and dentary, female.	Windana Warkton nr. Coonabarabran, NSW.
AMS M23465	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	Martindale valley, 30km SSE of Denman, NSW.
AMS M26218	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	No Data.
AMS M31801	Skull and dentary, female.	Kosciusko National Park, NSW.
AMS M33822	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	No Data.
AMS M33986	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	Armidale, NSW.
AMS M34528	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	Timbarra Plateau, NSW.
AMS M35824	Skull and dentary, female.	No Data.
AMS M37592	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	No Data.
AMS M37593	Skull and dentary, female.	Niagara Park, NSW.
AMS M37594	Skull and dentary, female.	Mordi, Central Coast, NSW.
AMS M37595	Skull and dentary, male.	Bungawalbin River, NSW.
AMS M39443	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	Gosford, NSW.
AMS M40178	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	Wybong district, owl pellet, NSW
AMS M42732	Skull and dentary, female.	Failford, NSW.
Distoechurus pennatus
Specimen	Specimen description	Site
AMS M01921	Skull and dentary, male.	PNG.
AMS M04148	Skull and dentary, female.	Mt Lamington District. Northern Province PNG.
AMS M07055	Skull and dentary, male.	Dobodura PNG
AMS M09554	Skull and dentary, male.	Mageh, nth slopes Wahgi Divide, Jimi Valley PNG.
AMS M09555	Skull and dentary, female.	Mageh, nth slopes Wahgi Divide, Jimi Valley, PNG.
AMS M13745	Skull and dentary, male.	Maliala Creek. 1 km.S.of Yuro, E. Mt Karimui, S. Simbu Province, PNG.
AMS M13747	Skull and dentary, female.	Yuro, E. side Mt. Karimui, Sth Simbu Province, PNG.
AMS M14600	Skull and dentary, male.	Wigote, Torricelli Mts West Sepik Province.
AMS M14752	Skull and dentary, female.	Homwe Village, vicinity of Yuro, East Mt. Krarimui Sth. Simbu, PNG.
AMS M15306	Skull and dentary, female.	Maliala Ck. 1 km.S. of Yuro, E.Mt Karimui, S. Simbu Province, PNG.
AMS M16694	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	Bobole, Southern Highland Province, PNG.
AMS M18522	Skull and dentary, male.	Bobole Village Southern Highlands Province PNG.
AMS M01921	Skull and dentary, male.	PNG.
AMS M04148	Skull and dentary, female.	Mt Lamington District. Northern Province PNG.
AMS M07055	Skull and dentary, male.	Dobodura PNG
AMS M09554	Skull and dentary, male.	Mageh, nth slopes Wahgi Divide, Jimi Valley PNG.
AMS M09555	Skull and dentary, female.	Mageh, nth slopes Wahgi Divide, Jimi Valley, PNG.
AMS M13745	Skull and dentary, male.	Maliala Creek. 1 km.S.of Yuro, E. Mt Karimui, S. Simbu Province, PNG.
AMS M13747	Skull and dentary, female.	Yuro, E. side Mt. Karimui, Sth Simbu Province, PNG.
AMS M14600	Skull and dentary, male.	Wigote, Torricelli Mts West Sepik Province.
AMS M14752	Skull and dentary, female.	Homwe Village, vicinity of Yuro, East Mt. Krarimui Sth. Simbu, PNG.
AMS M15306	Skull and dentary, female.	Maliala Ck. 1 km.S. of Yuro, E.Mt Karimui, S. Simbu Province, PNG.
AMS M16694	Skull and dentary, sex unknown.	Bobole, Southern Highland Province, PNG.
AMS M18522	Skull and dentary, male.	Bobole Village Southern Highlands Province PNG.

Table

Specimen	Specimen description	Species
AR02912	Cast of upper and lower dentition	Dactylopsila palpator
AR11985	Right dentary	Djaludjangi yadjana
AR17565	Skull and dentary	Gymnobelideus leadbeateri
AR19703	Skull and dentary	Petaurus breviceps

Table

Acrobates magicus
Specimen	p2		p3		m1		m2			m3			m4			m1–2	m1–3	m1–4
	L	W	L	W	L	PW	L	AW	PW	L	AW	PW	L	AW	PW	L	L	L
QM F61146	–	–	–	–	1.27	0.86	1.15	0.9	0.89	1.01	0.84	0.83	0.72	0.63	0.49	2.38	3.34	4.06
QM F61147	–	–	0.81	0.43	–	–	–	–	–	1.01	0.76	0.74	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61148	–	–	0.81	0.44	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61149	0.98	0.48	0.84	0.42	1.31	0.88	1.14	0.83	0.91	1.06	–	–	–	–	–	2.46	–	–
QM F61150	0.95	0.4	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61151	–	–	0.77	0.4	1.29	0.73	1.16	0.73	0.82	0.97	0.7	0.66				2.44	3.41	–
QM F61152	–	–	–	–	1.27	0.79	1.17	0.8	0.85	1.02	0.78	0.78	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61153	–	–	0.84	0.41	1.29	0.75	1.13	0.76	0.84	0.95	0.76	0.77	0.65	0.55	0.42	2.44	3.33	3.99
QM F61154	0.92	0.43	0.76	0.42	1.22	0.87	1.15	0.8	0.92	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.39	–	–
QM F30941	0.94	0.42	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61155	–	–	–	–	1.2	0.79	1.14	0.73	0.86	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.35	–	–
QM F61156	–	–	0.74	0.41			1.19	0.81	0.89	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61158	–	–	–	–	1.27	0.82	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61159	–	–	–	–	1.27	0.79	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61160	–	–	–	–	1.28	0.83	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61161	–	–	–	–	1.39	0.9	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61162	–	–	–	–	1.22	0.83	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61163	–	–	–	–	1.26	0.78	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61164	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.19	0.85	0.86	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61165	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.21	0.84	0.9	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61167	–	–	–	–	1.29	0.79	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61166	0.92	0.42	0.79	0.42	1.29	0.79	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F20727	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.26	0.82	0.88	1.07	0.75	0.81	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F20734	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.19	0.78	0.85	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F20778	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.33	0.9	0.91	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F20782	0.91	0.43	0.78	0.42	1.2	0.84	1.22	0.8	0.81	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.36	–	–
QM F20797	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.22	0.83	0.83	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F23835	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.16	0.77	0.85	0.99	0.7	0.73	0.61	0.47	0.33	–	–	–
QM F24315	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.19	0.83	0.85							–	–	–
QM F30796	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.18	0.83	0.88	0.99	0.79	0.79	0.72	0.62	0.49	–	–	–
QM F30928	0.9	0.42	–	–	–	–	1.14	0.79	0.86	0.97	0.72	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F30930	–	–	0.79	0.39	1.27	0.79	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F30954	0.87	0.48	0.75	0.44			–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F30956	–	–	–	–	1.26	0.78	1.12	0.74	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.37	–	–
QM F30967	–	–	–	–	1.2	0.77	1.13	0.77	0.82	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Acrobates pettitorum
Specimen	p2		p3		m1		m2			m3			m4			m1-2	m1-3	m1-4
	L	W	L	W	L	PW	L	AW	PW	L	AW	PW	L	AW	PW	L	L	L
QM F61168	–	–	–	–	1.33	0.87	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61169	–	–	–	–	1.43	0.98	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Distoechurus georginae
Specimen	p2		p3		m1		m2			m3			m4			m1–2	m1–3	m1–4
	L	W	L	W	L	PW	L	AW	PW	L	AW	PW	L	AW	PW	L	L	L
QM F30920	–	–	–	–	1.32	0.85	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61141	–	–	–	–	1.3	0.85	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F30898	–	–	–	–	1.35	0.85	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61144	–	–	–	–	1.48	0.94	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61145	–	–	–	–	1.38	0.85	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61142	–	–	–	–	1.27	0.74	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F61143	–	–	–	–	1.26	0.79	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F23030	–	–	–	–	1.41	0.84	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
QM F30897	–	–	–	–	1.22	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Distoechurus jeanesorum
Specimen	p2		p3		m1		m2			m3			m4			m1–2	m1–3	m1–4
	L	W	L	W	L	PW	L	AW	PW	L	AW	PW	L	AW	PW	L	L	L
QM F61140	–	–	–	–	1.24	0.76	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

Table

Acrobates pygmaeus
Specimen	p2		p3		m1		m2			m3			m4		m1–2	m1–3		m1–4
	L	W	L	W	L	PW	L	AW	PW	L	AW	PW	L	AW	PW	L	L	L
AMS M02695	0.89	0.33	0.85	0.42	0.92	0.61	0.98	0.64	0.71	0.86	0.74	0.58	–	–	–	1.93	2.81	–
AMS M02751	0.82	0.36	0.75	0.36	0.87	0.57	0.92	0.67	0.68	0.89	0.69	0.61	–	–	–	1.78	2.86	–
AMS M03294	0.94	0.34	0.82	0.44	0.97	0.71	0.97	0.79	0.8	0.86	0.69	0.65	–	–	–	2.02	2.93	–
AMS M03295	0.9	0.34	0.83	0.49	0.98	0.71	0.95	0.74	0.78	0.79	0.67	0.57	–	–	–	1.57	2.78	–
AMS M03297	0.91	0.37	0.78	0.46	0.95	0.68	0.93	0.71	0.83	0.83	0.68	0.57	–	–	–	1.96	2.8	–
AMS M03298	0.72	0.35	0.72	0.38	0.97	0.64	0.96	0.67	0.7	0.9	0.69	0.6	–	–	–	1.94	2.85	–
AMS M03299	0.86	0.43	0.79	0.46	0.9	0.64	0.95	0.72	0.72	0.91	0.72	0.6	–	–	–	1.88	2.76	–
AMS M042732	0.78	0.26	0.83	0.42	0.93	0.61	0.93	0.68	0.6	0.87	0.65	0.6	–	–	–	1.86	2.73	–
AMS M05060	0.88	0.42	0.75	0.46	0.92	0.65	0.96	0.72	0.75	0.88	0.72	0.75	–	–	–	1.86	2.78	–
AMS M06162	0.88	0.33	0.83	0.36	0.92	0.6	0.91	0.68	0.69	0.9	0.69	0.62	–	–	–	1.88	2.75	–
AMS M08170	0.92	0.31	0.78	0.38	0.95	0.66	0.94	0.78	0.77	0.92	0.8	0.65	–	–	–	1.93	2.85	–
AMS M08175	0.77	0.37	0.8	0.41	0.97	0.66	0.94	0.74	0.78	0.88	0.66	0.55	–	–	–	1.93	2.83	–
AMS M31801	0.88	0.33	0.84	0.43	0.97	0.7	0.93	0.75	0.8	0.84	0.71	0.69	–	–	–	1.89	2.76	–
AMS M34528	0.73	0.31	0.73	0.48	0.9	0.65	0.9	0.71	0.74	0.79	0.65	0.56	–	–	–	1.83	2.63	–
AMS M37593	1	0.45	0.83	0.47	1.03	0.68	1.03	0.71	0.72	0.88	0.63	0.56	–	–	–	2.06	2.85	–
AMS M37594	0.83	0.28	0.84	0.37	0.95	0.66	0.96	0.74	0.71	0.88	0.68	0.58	–	–	–	1.93	2.84	–
AMS M37595	0.85	0.33	0.78	0.47	0.93	0.66	0.93	0.69	0.73	0.86	0.64	0.56	–	–	–	1.84	2.77	–
AMS M39443	0.86	0.33	0.85	0.45	1.02	0.71	0.97	0.74	0.74	0.87	0.74	0.54	–	–	–	2	2.85	–
AMS M42732	0.89	0.29	0.81	0.44	0.9	0.62	0.93	0.7	0.68	0.85	0.67	0.59	–	–	–	1.86	2.73	–
UNSWZ 142	0.74	0.4	0.78	0.39	0.94	0.65	0.97	0.76	0.76	0.98	0.74	0.64	–	–	–	1.94	2.94	–
UNSWZ 152	0.92	0.46	0.94	0.55	0.99	0.68	0.94	0.72	0.69	0.91	0.69	0.57	–	–	–	1.96	2.84	–
Distoechurus pennatus
Specimen	p2		p3		m1		m2		m3		m4				m1–2	m1–3		m1–4
	L	W	L	W	L	PW	L	AW	PW	L	AW	PW	L	AW	PW	L	L	L
AMS M02695	1.6	0.67	–	–	1.91	1.13	1.65	1.11	1.09	1.39	0.88	0.75	–	–	–	3.43	4.51	–
AMS M02751	1.54	0.59	–	–	1.83	1.05	1.68	1.12	1.03	1.23	0.88	0.78	–	–	–	3.39	4.69	–
AMS M03294	1.53	0.58	–	–	1.76	1.05	1.59	1.01	1.04	1.27	0.93	0.83	–	–	–	3.39	4.56	–
AMS M03297	1.5	0.6	–	–	1.73	1.11	1.7	1.12	1.08	1.33	0.96	0.84	–	–	–	3.37	4.81	–
AMS M06162	1.63	0.54	–	–	1.86	1.03	1.51	1.05	0.97	1.18	0.86	0.72	–	–	–	3.34	4.6	–
AMS M08170	1.69	0.62	–	–	1.85	1.2	1.76	1.23	1.15	1.4	0.97	0.89	–	–	–	3.59	4.95	–
AMS M08175	1.64	0.53	–	–	1.85	1.01	1.68	1.06	1.01	1.33	0.97	0.83	–	–	–	3.53	4.8	–
AMS M37593	1.41	0.58	–	–	1.89	1.1	1.49	1.06	1.07	1.23	0.91	0.86	–	–	–	3.38	4.57	–
AMS M42732	1.62	0.68	–	–	1.86	1.05	1.73	1.09	1.02	1.3	0.94	0.79	–	–	–	3.59	4.8	–
UNSWZ Dp1	1.41	0.63	–	–	1.73	1.01	1.58	1.08	1.01	1.27	0.92	0.8	–	–	–	3.31	4.48	–
UNSWZ Dp2	1.6	0.58	–	–	2.01	1.11	1.7	1.17	1.03	1.28	0.93	0.78	–	–	–	3.72	4.93	–

Table

Species	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25
Acrobates pygmaeus	0	0	1	1	0	0	?	?	?	0	1	2	2	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	2	0	0	0
Acrobates magicus	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	?	?	0	1	2	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	2	0	0	0
Acrobates pettitorum	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	?	?	0	1	2	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	2	1	0	0
Distoechurus pennatus	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	?	?	0	0	2	2	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0
Distoechurus jeanesorum	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	?	?	0	0	0	2	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	2	0	0	0
Distoechurus georginae	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	?	?	0	0	2	2	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	2	0	0	0
Djaludjangi yadjana	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	?	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	?	1	1	2	1	1	1
Gymnobelideus leadbeateri	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	?	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	?	0	0	1	1	0	0
Petaurus breviceps	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	?	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	?	0	0	2	1	1	0
Dactylonax palpator	1	0	1	0	0	1	2	0	0	1	?	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	2	1	0	0

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