Early Pliocene Ostracoda from the Jemmys Point Formation, Gippsland Basin, southeastern Australia: nearshore and offshore origins of biodiversity

Figures & data

Fig. 1. Locality details. A, Map showing location of the two study localities (yellow pins) (Google Earth 2022). B, Map of Victoria showing location of the Gippsland Basin (in green) and approximate area of Fig. 1A (red box).

Fig. 2. Details of study locality at Ferndale Parade, Lakes Entrance. A, Images of beds LE3, LEB and LE4. B, Beds LE1, LE2, LE3 and LEB. C, Lithological column for Lakes Entrance sample locality.

Fig. 3. Details of study locality at Kalimna Jetty, Kalimna. A, Image of beds KJ1 to KJ3. B, Lithology column for Kalimna sample locality.

Table 1. Results of Sr radioisotope dating on Jemmys Point Formation shell samples, showing the mean age based on the LOESS Sr isotope lookup table (McArthur et al. 2020) and the age range based on 2σ error calculations.

Sample locality	^87Sr/^86Sr	2σ error (10^-6)	Age (Ma)	Min. age (Ma)	Max. age (Ma)
LE2	0.709054	9	3.672	2.842	4.646
LE3	0.709054	11	3.672	2.710	4.745
LE4	0.709058	9	3.234	2.620	4.355
KJ3	0.709052	10	3.966	2.921	4.790

Table 2. Total number of adult and juvenile specimens of each identified ostracod species from the Lakes Entrance/Ferndale Parade locality.

Species name	LE1			LE2			LE3			LE4
	A	J	T	A	J	T	A	J	T	A	J	T
Neonesidea chapmani Whatley & Downing, 1983	8	7	15	12	15	27	5	12	17	17	19	36
Neonesidea australis (Chapman, 1914)	6	11	17	6	7	13	14	12	26	18	12	30
Neonesidea chapminuta sp. nov.	6	2	8	1	0	1	6	5	11	4	2	6
Tasmanocypris lochardi Warne, 2020	26	12	38	17	12	29	16	35	51	34	18	52
Tasmanocypris salaputia sp. nov.	13	5	18	12	1	13	9	10	19	13	7	20
Paracypris bradyi McKenzie, 1967	3	5	8	3	1	4	7	2	9	4	2	6
Phlyctenophora sp.	1	1	2	2	0	2	0	0	0	1	0	1
Debissonia sp.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oculocytheropteron jemmyensis sp. nov.	20	11	31	19	11	30	20	11	31	17	8	25
Oculocytheropteron microfornix Whatley & Downing, 1983	7	8	15	10	3	13	12	4	16	7	5	12
Cytheropteron parawellmani Whatley & Downing, 1983	25	8	33	59	7	66	36	17	53	36	13	49
Hemicytherura spinifera Hartmann, 1978	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0
Semicytherura sp. 1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semicytherura sp. 2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0
Neobuntonia foveata McKenzie, Reyment & Reyment, 1991	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Caudites sp.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bradleya bassbasinensis Yassini & Jones, 1995	1	2	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	1	4
Bradleya praemckenziei Whatley & Downing, 1983	41	73	114	40	75	115	32	65	97	27	50	77
Bradleya sp.	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1
Krithe sp.	3	9	12	10	1	11	14	7	21	9	12	21
Parakrithella australis McKenzie, 1967	3	4	7	6	0	6	4	2	6	11	10	21
Callistocythere puri McKenzie, 1967	31	7	38	5	2	7	9	3	12	15	9	24
Callistocythere zigzaga McDonald & Warne, 2022	1	0	1	1	2	3	0	0	0	0	0	0
Callistocythere mchenryi McDonald & Warne, 2022	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	3	2	5
Callistocythere ventroalata Yassini & Jones 1995	2	1	3	0	1	1	1	2	3	0	1	1
Callistocythere sp.	1	0	1	0	2	2	4	1	5	1	1	2
Callistocythere insolita McKenzie, 1967	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Caudoleptocythere vellicata (Brady, 1880)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Loxoconcha trita McKenzie, 1967	8	3	11	11	1	12	12	4	16	3	2	5
Loxoconcha macgowrani McKenzie, Reyment & Reyment, 1990	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Copytus posterosulcus Wang (in Zhao et al. 1985)	2	2	4	3	0	3	4	1	5	7	4	11
Parakeijia thomi Yassini & Mikulandra, 1989	1	0	1	1	1	2	0	0	0	0	0	0
Parakeijia notoreticularis McDonald & Warne, 2022	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mckenziartia portjacksonensis (McKenzie, 1967)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swansonites sp.	21	6	27	12	2	14	17	5	22	13	7	20
Actinocythereis tetrica (Brady, 1880)	3	6	9	1	2	3	7	6	13	2	2	4
Cletocythereis caudispinosa Chapman & Crespin, 1928	0	0	0	0	3	3	0	1	1	1	0	1
Dumonita lauta (Brady, 1880)	3	5	8	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0
Philoneptunus plutonis sp. nov.	16	19	35	26	47	73	1	8	9	16	28	44
Ponticocythereis militaris (Brady, 1866)	7	3	10	11	7	18	9	14	23	5	2	7
Trachyleberis thomsoni (Hornibrook, 1952) (Large Form)	10	1	11	7	5	12	3	5	8	8	4	12
Trachyleberis thomsoni (Hornibrook, 1952) (Small Form)	7	2	9	8	5	13	2	3	5	4	3	7
Trachyleberis? sp.	2	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Foveoleberis minutissima (Chapman, 1926)	12	6	18	3	8	11	11	8	19	10	3	13
Cytherella paranitida Whatley & Downing, 1983	20	6	26	6	2	8	12	5	17	6	7	13
Cytherella lata Brady, 1880	4	7	11	12	5	17	10	14	24	4	3	7
Cytherella sp.	23	27	50	28	37	65	19	36	55	19	35	54
Cytherella parapunctata Whatley & Downing, 1983	0	0	0	1	1	2	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cytherelloidea auricula (Chapman, 1914)	1	1	2	0	1	1	0	0	0	2	0	2
Indet.	1	0	1	0	0	0	2	0	2	5	3	8
Total	340	260	600	333	267	600	299	301	600	324	276	600

Table 3. Total number of adult and juvenile specimens of each identified ostracod species from the Kalimna Jetty locality.

Species name	KJ1			KJ2			KJ3
	A	J	T	A	J	T	A	J	T
Neonesidea chapmani Whatley & Downing, 1983	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Neonesidea australis (Chapman, 1914)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Neonesidea chapminuta sp. nov.	0	0	0	19	18	37	4	6	10
Tasmanocypris lochardi Warne, 2020	42	69	111	29	41	70	10	48	58
Tasmanocypris salaputia sp. nov.	15	23	38	17	6	23	28	24	52
Paracypris bradyi McKenzie, 1967	29	23	52	5	9	14	7	11	18
Phlyctenophora sp.	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1
Debissonia sp.	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	2
Oculocytheropteron jemmyensis sp. nov.	12	9	21	11	9	20	7	4	11
Oculocytheropteron microfornix Whatley & Downing, 1983	3	2	5	5	3	8	4	3	7
Cytheropteron parawellmani Whatley & Downing, 1983	5	6	11	13	8	21	13	3	16
Hemicytherura spinifera Hartmann, 1978	0	0	0	6	6	12	1	0	1
Semicytherura sp. 1	0	0	0	2	3	5	1	0	1
Semicytherura sp. 2	0	0	0	0	2	2	0	0	0
Neobuntonia foveata McKenzie, Reyment & Reyment, 1991	1	1	2	0	2	2	0	1	1
Caudites sp.	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0
Bradleya bassbasinensis Yassini & Jones, 1995	3	6	9	3	2	5	5	8	13
Bradleya praemckenziei Whatley & Downing, 1983	1	5	6	1	2	3	1	1	2
Bradleya sp.	2	2	4	3	1	4	1	4	5
Krithe sp.	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	1
Parakrithella australis McKenzie, 1967	0	0	0	2	0	2	0	0	0
Callistocythere puri McKenzie, 1967	2	0	2	3	1	4	5	1	6
Callistocythere zigzaga McDonald & Warne, 2022	13	7	20	8	10	18	24	8	32
Callistocythere mchenryi McDonald & Warne, 2022	4	1	5	6	3	9	2	0	2
Callistocythere ventroalata Yassini & Jones, 1995	0	1	1	4	0	4	6	1	7
Callistocythere sp.	0	0	0	6	5	11	4	2	6
Callistocythere insolita McKenzie, 1967	2	0	2	2	1	3	3	1	4
Caudoleptocythere vellicata (Brady, 1880)	0	0	0	1	3	4	1	1	2
Loxoconcha trita McKenzie, 1967	6	2	8	6	7	13	6	2	8
Loxoconcha macgowrani McKenzie, Reyment & Reyment, 1990	1	2	3	0	2	2	4	3	7
Copytus posterosulcus Wang (in Zhao et al. 1985)	12	3	15	23	4	27	30	7	37
Parakeijia thomi Yassini & Mikulandra, 1989	3	1	4	3	1	4	2	0	2
Parakeijia notoreticularis McDonald & Warne, 2022	2	0	2	1	1	2	3	0	3
Mckenziartia portjacksonensis (McKenzie, 1967)	12	1	13	20	6	26	10	3	13
Swansonites sp.	5	0	5	5	3	8	11	2	13
Actinocythereis tetrica (Brady, 1880)	19	34	53	16	57	73	39	78	117
Cletocythereis caudispinosa Chapman & Crespin, 1928	1	1	2	0	2	2	1	0	1
Dumonita lauta (Brady, 1880)	2	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0
Philoneptunus plutonis sp. nov.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ponticocythereis militaris (Brady, 1866)	31	116	147	30	55	85	25	47	72
Trachyleberis thomsoni (Hornibrook, 1952) (Large Form)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Trachyleberis thomsoni (Hornibrook, 1952) (Small Form)	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Trachyleberis? sp.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Foveoleberis minutissima (Chapman, 1926)	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cytherella paranitida Whatley & Downing, 1983	3	8	11	12	2	14	9	11	20
Cytherella lata Brady, 1880	0	0	0	4	1	5	2	0	2
Cytherella sp.	11	19	30	19	32	51	7	27	34
Cytherella parapunctata Whatley & Downing, 1983	1	0	1	2	1	3	2	3	5
Cytherelloidea auricula (Chapman, 1914)	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indet.	12	2	14	4	1	5	13	0	13
Total	257	343	600	288	312	600	292	308	600

Table 4. Palaeoenvironmental ranges of identified species from the Jemmys Point Formation localities.

Species	Palaeoenvironment	Locality present
*Neonesidea chapmani Whatley & Downing, 1983	Marine continental shelf, reduced numbers closer to shore. Modern specimens are identified in shallow, open marine conditions.	LE(all), KJ1
*Neonesidea australis (Chapman, 1914)	Offshore marine, various depths on the continental shelf, reduced numbers closer to shore. Modern specimens associated with shallow open marine conditions.	LE(all)
Neonesidea chapminuta sp. nov.	Shallow marine and open continental shelf environments.	LE(all), KJ2, KJ3
Tasmanocypris lochardi Warne, 2020	Inner to mid-continental shelf palaeoenvironments, normal marine conditions.	LE(all), KJ(all)
Tasmanocypris salaputia sp. nov.	Shallow marine to open continental shelf environments.	LE(all), KJ(all)
*Paracypris bradyi McKenzie, 1967	Various marine environments; modern specimens identified at swash marks, coastal inlet channels and in coastal waters. Fossil specimens have been also associated with shallow offshore facies so it may not be restricted to the shore.	LE(all), KJ(all)
Phlyctenophora sp.	Offshore marine environmental associations.	LE1, 2,4; KJ2,3
Debissonia sp.	Offshore marine environmental associations.	KJ3
Oculocytheropteron jemmyensis sp. nov.	Offshore marine, mid- to outer continental shelf.	LE(all), KJ(all)
Oculocytheropteron microfornix (Whatley & Downing, 1983)	Offshore marine, mid- to outer continental shelf.	LE(all), KJ(all)
Cytheropteron parawellmani Whatley & Downing, 1983	Offshore marine, mid- to outer continental shelf.	LE(all), KJ(all)
Hemicytherura spinifera Hartmann, 1978	Nearshore to shallow offshore marine	LE3, KJ2
Semicytherura sp. 1	Offshore marine, mid- to outer continental shelf palaeoenvironments.	KJ2, KJ3
Semicytherura sp. 2	Marine continental shelf palaeoenvironments	LE3, KJ2
Neobuntonia foveata McKenzie, Reyment & Reyment, 1990	Warm, shallow marine palaeoenvironments.	KJ1, KJ2, KJ3
Caudites sp.	Shallow coastal marine, restricted to warmer tropical or marginal subtropical climates.	KJ2
*Bradleya bassbasinensis Yassini & Jones, 1995	Offshore marine environments, has been found at 58 m ocean depth.	LE1, LE4, KJ(all)
Bradleya praemckenziei Whatley & Downing, 1983	Mid-to outer shelf palaeoenvironments, generally in deeper ocean depths from 110–120 m ocean depth.	LE(all), KJ(all)
Bradleya sp.	Marine environments.	LE1, LE4, KJ(all)
Krithe sp.	Likely offshore marine.	LE(all), KJ(all)
*Parakrithella australis McKenzie, 1967	Various marine environments including shallow offshore marine, the intertidal zone, tide pools, coastal inlet channels and lagoons.	LE(all), KJ2
*Callistocythere puri McKenzie, 1967	Shallow marine environments including the intertidal zone and coastal estuaries not subjected to major salinity fluctuations, marginal marine areas, tide pools and coastal inlet channels.	LE(all), KJ(all)
Callistocythere zigzaga McDonald & Warne, 2022	Shallow, offshore marine.	LE1, LE2, KJ(all)
Callistocythere mchenryi McDonald & Warne 2022	Shallow, offshore marine.	LE3, LE4, KJ(all)
*Callistocythere ventroalata Yassini & Jones, 1995	Shallow, open marine environments.	LE(all), KJ(all)
Callistocythere sp.	Shallow marine, coastal or offshore.	LE(all), KJ2, KJ3
*Callistocythere insolita McKenzie, 1967	Shallow marine conditions; found at swash marks, the subtidal zone and in open coastal embayments.	KJ(all)
*Caudoleptocythere vellicata (Brady, 1880)	Marine environments including sheltered oceanic embayments and tide pools.	KJ2, KJ3
*Loxoconcha trita McKenzie, 1967	Varying marine conditions; found in tide pools, coastal marine environments and coastal inlet channels but is more commonly confined to open marine conditions, tidal, and intertidal zones.	LE(all), KJ(all)
Loxoconcha macgowrani McKenzie, Reyment & Reyment, 1991	Offshore marine palaeoenvironments.	LE1, KJ(all)
*Copytus posterosulcus Wang (in Zhao et al. 1985)	Intertidal zone and inner continental shelf environments.	LE(all), KJ(all)
*Parakeijia thomi (Yassini & Mikulandra, 1989)	Shallow, temperate coastal lagoons.	LE1, LE2, KJ(all)
Parakeijia notoreticularis McDonald & Warne, 2022	Inner continental shelf to shallow offshore marine palaeoenvironments.	KJ(all)
*Mckenziartia portjacksonensis (McKenzie, 1967)	Shallow, coastal marine palaeoenvironments, coastal inlet channels and lagoons. It also occurs in estuarine and shallow open marine environments and is able to tolerate significant salinity fluctuations.	KJ(all)
Swansonites sp.	Shallow marine environments.	LE(all), KJ(all)
*Actinocythereis tetrica (Brady, 1880)	Marginal marine/ shallow coastal marine palaeoenvironments.	LE(all), KJ(all)
Cletocythereis caudispinosa Chapman & Crespin, 1928	Mid- to outer continental shelf palaeoenvironments.	LE2, LE3, LE4, KJ(all)
*Dumontina lauta (Brady, 1880)	Found in shallow, coastal marine environments at 10–14 m ocean depth, at coastal inlet channels, sheltered marine embayments, open estuaries, and in normal marine conditions from the intertidal zone to the inner continental shelf.	LE1, LE3, KJ1
Philoneptunus plutonis sp. nov.	Offshore marine palaeoenvironments, possibly outer continental shelf but likely ranging from 180 m to over 1000 m depth.	LE(all)
*Ponticocythereis militaris (Brady, 1866)	Varied marine environments ranging from swash marks, the intertidal zone and shallow coastal marine to estuarine environments and sheltered embayments.	LE(all), KJ(all)
Trachyleberis thomsoni (Hornibrook, 1952) large/robust form	Marine palaeoenvironments on the outer continental shelf and upper continental slope, at approximately 100 m ocean depth.	LE(all)
Trachyleberis thomsoni (Hornibrook, 1952) small form	Same as robust form.	LE(all), KJ1
Foveoleberis minutissima (Chapman, 1926)	Varied marine, ranges from warm mid- to outer continental shelf palaeoenvironments to offshore shallow marine/inner to mid-continental shelf.	LE(all) KJ1
Cytherella paranitida Whatley & Downing, 1983	Marine environments ranging from shallow to mid- to outer shelf.	LE(all), KJ(all)
*Cytherella lata Brady, 1880	Marginal marine palaeoenvironments, between approximately 15 m to over 80 m ocean depth.	LE(all), KJ(all)
Cytherella sp.	Varied marine, likely continental shelf.	LE(all), KJ(all)
Cytherella parapunctata Whatley & Downing, 1983	Offshore marine palaeoenvironments, mid- to outer continental shelf and sublittoral conditions no deeper than 50 m ocean depth.	LE2, KJ(all)
Cytherelloidea auricula (Chapman, 1914)	Shallow to moderately deep palaeoenvironments, on the mid-to outer continental shelf, offshore environments 25–70 m ocean depth.	LE1, LE2, LE4, KJ1

Fig. 4. Images of fossil Ostracoda. Neonesidea chapmani: A, (NMV P344537) FALV in external view; B, (NMV P344538) MARV in external view; C, (NMV P344539) FARV in internal view. Neonesidea australis: D, (NMV P344540) FALV in external view; E, (NMV P344541) MARV in external view; F, (NMV P344542) FJLV in internal view. Neonesidea chapminuta sp. nov.: G, Holotype, (NMV P344543) FALV in external view; H, Paratype, (NMV P344544) MARV in external view; I, Paratype, (NMV P344545) FALV in internal view. Tasmanocypris lochardi: J, (NMV P344549) FALV in external view; K, (NMV P344550) MARV in external view; L, (NMV P344551) FARV in internal view. Tasmanocypris salaputia sp. nov.: M, Paratype, (NMV P344546) FALV in external view; N, Paratype, (NMV P344548) MARV in external view; O, Holotype, (NMV P344548) MARV in internal view. Paracypris bradyi: P, (NMV P344552) FALV in external view; Q, (NMV P344553) FARV in external view; R, (NMV P344554) MALV in internal view. Scale bars = 200 µm in A–F, J–N;100 µm in G–I, O–R.

Fig. 5. Images of fossil Ostracoda. Phlyctenophora sp.: A, (NMV P344555) ARV in external view. Debissonia sp.: B, (NMV P344556) ARV in external view. Oculocytheropteron sp. cf. O. jemmyensis: C, (NMV P344557) JLV in external view; Oculocytheropteron jemmyensis sp. nov. D, (NMV P344558) MALV in external view; E, (NMV P344559) FARV in external view; F, (NMV P344560) MALV in internal view. Cytheropteron parawellmani: G, (NMV P344561) FALV in external view; H, (NMV P344562) FARV in external view; I, (NMV P344563) MARV in internal view. Oculocytheropteron microfornix: J, (NMV P344564) FARV in external view; K, (NMV P344565) MALV in internal view. Neobuntonia foveata: L, (NMV P344566) ALV in external view; O, (NMV P344569) JRV in external view. Bradleya bassbasinensis: M, (NMV P344567) FALV in external view; N, (NMV P344568) MALV in internal view. Bradleya sp.: P, (NMV P344570) FALV in external view; Q, (NMV P344571) JRV in external view; R, (NMV P344572) JLV in internal view. Scale bars = 200 µm in A; 100 µm in B–R.

Fig. 6. Images of fossil Ostracoda. Hemicytherura sp. 2: A, (NMV P344579) FARV in external view; B, (NMV P344580) MALV in internal view. Neobuntonia foveata: C, (NMV P344566) ALV in external view; F, (NMV P344569) JRV in external view. Bradleya bassbasinensis: D, (NMV P344567) FALV in external view; E, (NMV P344568) MALV in internal view. Bradleya praemckenziei: G, (NMV P344582) FALV in external view; H, (NMV P344586) MARV in external view; I, (NMV P344584) FALV in internal view. Bradleya sp.: J, (NMV P344570) FALV in external view; K, (NMV P344571) JRV in external view; L, (NMV P344572) JLV in internal view. Krithe sp.: M, (NMV P344585) FALV in external view; N, (NMV P344586) MARV in external view; O, (NMV P344587) FARV in internal view. Parakrithella australis: P, (NMV P344588) MALV in external view; Q, (NMV P344589) FARV in external view; R, (NMV P344590) FALV in internal view. Scale bars = 100 µm in A–C, E, F, H–R; 50 µm in D, G.

Fig. 7. Images of fossil Ostracoda. Callistocythere puri: A, (NMV P344591) FALV in external view; B, (NMV P344592) MARV in external view; C, (NMV P344593) FARV in internal view. Callistocythere zigzaga: D, (NMV P344594) MALV in external view; E, (NMV P344595) MARV in external view; F, (NMV P344596) FARV in internal view. Callistocythere mchenryi: G, (NMV P344597) ALV in external view; H, (NMV P344598) ARV in external view; I, (NMV P344599) ARV in internal view. Callistocythere ventroalata: J, (NMV P344603) FALV in external view; K, (NMV P344604) MARV in external view; L, (NMV P344605) FALV in internal view. Callistocythere sp.: M, (NMV P344600) MALV in external view; N, (NMV P344601) FARV in external view; O, (NMV P344602) FARV in internal view. Callistocythere insolita: P. (NMV P344620) ARV in external view. Parakeijia thomi: Q. (NMV P344518) ALV in external view. Parakeijia notoreticularis: R, (NMV P344619) ARV in external view. Scale bars = 100 µm.

Fig. 8. Images of fossil Ostracoda. Caudoleptocythere vellicata: A, (NMV P344606) MALV in external view; B, (NMV P344607) FARV in external view; C, (NMV P344608) MARV in external view. Loxoconcha trita: D, (NMV P344609) FALV in external view; E, (NMV P344610) FARV in external view; F, (NMV P344611) MALV in internal view. Loxoconcha macgowrani: G, (NMV P344612) MALV in external view; H, (NMV P344613) FARV in external view; I, (NMV P344614) MARV in internal view. Copytus posterosulcus: J, (NMV P344615) FALV in external view; K, (NMV P344616) FARV in external view; L, (NMV P344617) MALV in internal view. Mckenziartia portjacksonensis: M, (NMV P344621) FALV in external view; N, (NMV P344622) MARV in external view; O, (NMV P344623) MARV in internal view. Swansonites sp.: P, (NMV P344627) MARV in external view; Q, (NMV P344628) FALV in external view; R, (NMV P344629) MALV in internal view; Scale bars = 100 µm.

Fig. 9. Images of fossil Ostracoda. Actinocythereis tetrica: A, (NMV P344624) FALV in external view; B, (NMV P344625) MARV in external view; C, (NMV P344626) MALV in internal view. Cletocythereis caudispinosa: D, (NMV P344633) FALV in external view; E, (NMV P344634) MARV in external view; F, (NMV P344635) FARV in internal view. Dumontina lauta: G, (NMV P344636) MALV in external view; H, (NMV P344637) FARV in external view; I, (NMV P344638) FALV in internal view. Philoneptunus plutonis sp. nov.: J, Paratype, (NMV P344639) FALV in external view; K, (NMV P344640) MARV in external view; L, (NMV P344641) MARV in internal view; M, (NMV P344630) JRV in external view. Trachyleberis? sp.: N, (NMV P344631) ARV in external view; O, (NMV P344632) ALV in internal view. Trachyleberis thomsoni (large form): P, (NMV P344642) FALV in external view; Q, (NMV P344643) MARV in external view; R, (NMV P344644) MALV in internal view. Scale bars = 100 µm in A–D, G–O; 200 µm in E, F, P–R.

Fig. 10. Images of fossil Ostracoda. Ponticocythereis militaris: A, (NMV P344645) FALV in external view; B, (NMV P344646) FARV in external view; C, (NMV P344647) MALV in internal view; D, (NMV P344648) JLV in external view. Cytherella paranitida: E, (NMV P344649) MARV in external view; F, (NMV P344650) FALV in internal view. Foveoleberis minutissima: G, (NMV P344651) FALV in external view; H, (NMV P344652) FARV in external view; I, (NMV P344653) MARV in internal view. Cytherella lata: J, (NMV P344654) FALV in external view; K, (NMV P344655) MARV in external view; L, (NMV P344656) FARV in internal view. Cytherella sp.: M, (NMV P344657) FALV in external view; N, (NMV P344658) MARV in external view; O, (NMV P344659) FARV in internal view. Cytherelloidea auricula: P, (NMV P344660) ARV in external view. Cytherella parapunctata: Q, (NMV P344661) MALV in external view; R, (NMV P344662) FARV in internal view. Scale bars = 100 µm.

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