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Research Article

Relieving famine. Northern Sweden (Västerbotten) between state, market, and civil society during the 1860s

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Received 10 Feb 2023, Accepted 23 Sep 2023, Published online: 15 Nov 2023

Figures & data

Figure 1. Contemporary critique of the distribution of relief.

Source: Picture from the newspaper Fäderneslandet (14 December 1867), criticising the disproportionate quantities of relief that supposedly disappeared into the pockets of middlemen.

Figure 1. Contemporary critique of the distribution of relief.Source: Picture from the newspaper Fäderneslandet (14 December 1867), criticising the disproportionate quantities of relief that supposedly disappeared into the pockets of middlemen.

Figure 2. Deaths in Västerbotten, 1866–1870. Source: BiSOS, serie H, 1866–1870, p. 2.

Figure 2. Deaths in Västerbotten, 1866–1870. Source: BiSOS, serie H, 1866–1870, p. 2.

Figure 3. National and regional comparison of mortality rates in Finland and Sweden.

Source: Statistics Finland, Crude death rate. 1751–2021; Forsberg et al. (Citation1977), p. 245; Nelson (Citation1988); BiSOS, serie A. Befolknings-statistik 1866–1870.

Figure 3. National and regional comparison of mortality rates in Finland and Sweden.Source: Statistics Finland, Crude death rate. 1751–2021; Forsberg et al. (Citation1977), p. 245; Nelson (Citation1988); BiSOS, serie A. Befolknings-statistik 1866–1870.

Figure 4. Harvests in Västerbotten, 1860–1870.

Note: 0 = total harvest failure; 1 = almost total harvest failure; 2 = meagre harvest; 3 = below or almost average harvest; 4 = average harvest; 5 = better-than average-harvest; 6 = good harvest (Hellstenius, Citation1871, pp. 77–119).

Figure 4. Harvests in Västerbotten, 1860–1870.Note: 0 = total harvest failure; 1 = almost total harvest failure; 2 = meagre harvest; 3 = below or almost average harvest; 4 = average harvest; 5 = better-than average-harvest; 6 = good harvest (Hellstenius, Citation1871, pp. 77–119).

Figure 5. Incoming grain and flour to Västerbotten, 1866–1870.

Source: BiSOS, serie H, 1866–1870, p. 4.

Figure 5. Incoming grain and flour to Västerbotten, 1866–1870.Source: BiSOS, serie H, 1866–1870, p. 4.

Figure 6. The administration of famine relief in Västerbotten in the 1860s. The illustration can be compared to Nelson’s (Citation1988, p. 123) findings concerning Norrbotten, to acknowledge regional differences.

Figure 6. The administration of famine relief in Västerbotten in the 1860s. The illustration can be compared to Nelson’s (Citation1988, p. 123) findings concerning Norrbotten, to acknowledge regional differences.

Table 1. Financial state aid for harvest failure given to Västerbotten county, 1862–1867 (riksdaler riksmynt).

Table 2. Municipal expenses, including poor relief, in Västerbotten, 1866–1870 (riksdaler riksmynt).