Association Between Neuropsychological Functions and Activities of Daily Living in People with Mild Cognitive Impairment

Figures & data

Table 1. Scores for activities of daily living (ADL) and clinical assessment of participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

	Mean (SD)	Cutoff
b-ADL Katz Index (6/24)	6.42 (0.96)	6
i-ADL Lawton & Brody Scale (8/27)	10.71 (2.61)	8
BLS	3.24 (1.42)	</ = 4
Phototest	32.41 (6.28)	>/ = 28/29
DRS-A (./17)	10.61 (2.70)	>/ = 9
DRS-IP (./17)	9.09 (3.14)	>/ = 9
DRS-Const (./17)	11.78 (3.12)	>/ = 9
DRS-C (./17)	9.37 (2.63)	>/ = 9
DRS-M (./17)	6.68 (3.82)	>/ = 9
DRS-T (./17)	8.29 (3.23)	>/ = 9
ROCF Reproduction (./ 36)	25.68 (5.90)	–
ROCF Memory (./ 36)	9.14 (6.46)	–
FAB (./18)	12.11 (2.66)	>/ = 16
TMT-A Time (s)	94.40 (58.47)	–
TMT-B Time (s)	188.03 (70.14)	–
BDI (./63)	16.42 (8.96)	< 13

BLS: Blessed Rating Scales; DRS-A: Dementia Rating Scale Attention; DRS-IP: Dementia Rating Scale Initiation/Perseveration; DRS-Const: Dementia Rating Scale Construction; DRS-C: Dementia Rating Scale Conceptualization; DRS-M: Dementia Rating Scale Memory; DRS-T: Dementia Rating Scale Total; ROCF: Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure; FAB: Frontal Assessment Battery; TMT: Trail Making Test; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory, Second Edition; SD: standard deviation. b-ADL Katz Index; i-ADL Lawton & Brody Scale; BLS, TMT-A; TMT-B; BDI: higher scores indicate more severe impairment or symptoms. Phototest; DRS (-A, -IP, -Const, -C, -M, -T); ROCF (Reproduction, Memory); FAB: higher scores indicate better performance.

Table 2. Clinical characteristics by level of dependence of participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

	b-ADL Katz Index			i-ADL Lawton & Brody Scale
	Dependent Mean (SD) n = 41	Independent Mean (SD) n = 116	P value	Dependent Mean (SD) n = 123	Independent Mean (SD) n = 34	P value
BLS	4.50 (1.35)	2.79 (1.16)	<0.001	3.61 (1.33)	1.90 (0.78)	<0.001
Phototest	31.12 (6.02)	32.87 (6.33)	0.126	31.33 (6.04)	36.32 (5.59)	<0.001
DRS-A	10.61 (2.97)	10.61 (2.61)	0.996	10.61 (2.76)	10.62 (2.52)	0.988
DRS-IP	8.85 (3.21)	9.18 (3.12)	0.567	8.82 (3.12)	10.09 (3.04)	0.037
DRS-Const	11.68 (3.78)	11.82 (2.87)	0.835	11.80 (3.43)	11.71 (1.59)	0.811
DRS-C	9.39 (2.92)	9.36 (2.54)	0.953	9.07 (2.62)	10.44 (2.41)	0.007
DRS-M	6.41 (3.63)	6.78 (3.90)	0.605	6.11 (3.70)	8.76 (3.58)	<0.001
DRS-T	7.90 (2.95)	8.42 (3.33)	0.377	7.76 (3.03)	10.21 (3.25)	<0.001
ROCF Reproduction	24.69 (5.88)	26.02 (5.90)	0.247	24.80 (6.08)	28.66 (4.08)	0.001
ROCF Memory	7.11 (5.95)	9.73 (6.55)	0.036	8.01 (6.29)	12.59 (5.95)	<0.001
FAB	11.56 (2.76)	12.30 (2.61)	0.126	11.61 (2,63)	13.91 (1.93)	<0.001
TMT-A Time	121.08 (78.89)	85.10 (46.39)	0.011	103.08 (61.46)	61.94 (27.94)	<0.001
TMT-B Time	185.15 (64.08)	188.86 (72.11)	0.814	194.41 (70.87)	167.96 (64.95)	0.082
BDI	17.00 (8.01)	16.24 (9.27)	0.663	16.46 (9.06)	16.29 (8.77)	0.924

P-value of Paired-samples T-Test. BLS: Blessed Rating Scales; DRS-A: Dementia Rating Scale Attention; DRS-IP: Dementia Rating Scale Initiation/Perseveration; DRS-Const: Dementia Rating Scale Construction; DRS-C: Dementia Rating Scale Conceptualization; DRS-M: Dementia Rating Scale Memory; DRS-T: Dementia Rating Scale Total; ROCF: Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure; FAB: Frontal Assessment Battery; TMT: Trail Making Test; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory, Second Edition; SD: standard deviation. b-ADL Katz Index; i-ADL Lawton & Brody Scale; BLS, TMT-A; TMT-B; BDI: higher scores indicate more severe impairment or symptoms. Phototest; DRS (-A, -IP, Const, -C, -M, -T); ROCF (Reproduction, Memory); FAB: higher scores indicate better performance.

Table 3. Pearson’s correlation between the neuropsychological variables and the basic activities of daily living (b-ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (i-ADL) scores.

	b-ADL Katz Index	i-ADL Lawton & Brody Scale
BLS	0.576**	0.668**
Phototest	−0.179*	−0.392**
DRS-A	0.039	−0.022
DRS-IP	−0.043	−0.255**
DRS-Const	−0.108	0.014
DRS-C	−0.117	−0.177*
DRS-M	−0.051	−0.292**
DRS-T	−0.109	−0.350**
ROCF Reproduction	−0.181*	−0.319**
ROCF Memory	−0.130	−0.360**
FAB	−0.168*	−0.384**
TMT-A Time	0.293**	0.410**
TMT-B Time	0.143	0.163
BDI	0.075	−0.022

* p < 0.050; ** p < 0.010; BLS: Blessed Rating Scales; DRS-A: Dementia Rating Scale Attention; DRS-IP: Dementia Rating Scale Initiation/Perseveration; DRS-Const: Dementia Rating Scale Construction; DRS-C: Dementia Rating Scale Conceptualization; DRS-M: Dementia Rating Scale Memory; DRS-T: Dementia Rating Scale Total; ROCF: Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure; FAB: Frontal Assessment Battery; TMT: Trail Making Test; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory, Second Edition.

Table 4. Multiple linear regression (backward stepwise) of neuropsychological function as a predictor for daily functioning basic activities of daily living (b-ADL).

		Beta	t	P value	R^2
Model 1	BLS	0.576	8.782	<0.001	0.332
Model 3	FAB	−0.317	−2.781	0.006	0.070
	FAB Flexibility	0.270	2.370	0.019
Model 5	TMT-A	0.279	3.316	0.001	0.078
Model 6	BLS Personality	0.245	3.017	0.003	0 .060
Model 7	BLS	0.815	8.598	<0.001	0.429
	FAB Flexibility	0.128	1.862	0.065
	TMT-A	0.162	2.300	0.023
	BLS Personality	−0.400	−4.276	<0.001

BLS: Blessed Rating Scales; FAB: Frontal Assessment Battery; TMT: Trail Making Test.

Table 5. Multiple linear regression (backward stepwise) of neuropsychological function as a predictor for daily functioning instrumental activities of daily living (i-ADL).

		Beta	t	P value	R^2
Model 1	BLS	0.619	10.222	<0.001	0 .477
	DRS-T	−0.183	−3.017	0.003
Model 2	DRS-IP	−0.167	−2.021	0.045	0 .109
	DRS-M	−0.227	−2.752	0.007
Model 3	DRS-IP	−0.220	−2.961	0.004	0 .248
	FAB	−0.193	−2.237	0.027
	TMT-B	0.261	3.008	0.003
Model 4	ROCF Memory	−0.262	−3.035	0.003	0,171
	Phototest	−0.224	−2.595	0.010
Model 5	TMT-A	0.421	5.293	<0.001	0,177
Model 6	BLS Personality	0.368	4.712	<0.001	0.135
Model 7	BLS	0.779	7.317	<0.001	0.535
	DRS-IP	−0.167	−2.432	0.017
	TMT-A	0.203	2.869	0.005
	BLS Personality	−0.234	−2.244	0.027

BLS: Blessed Rating Scales; DRS-T: Dementia Rating Scale Total; DRS-IP: Dementia Rating Scale Initiation/Perseveration; DRS-M: Dementia Rating Scale Memory; FAB: Frontal Assessment Battery; TMT: Trail Making Test; ROCF: Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure.

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [R H], upon reasonable request. Please contact https://www.uevora.pr.