Fish Bioenergetics 4.0: An R-Based Modeling Application

Figures & data

Figure 1. User's guide cover pages for previously developed Fish Bioenergetics software. (A) Fish Bioenergetics 1 (Hewett and Johnson 1987), (B) Fish Bioenergetics 2 (Hewett and Johnson 1992), (C) Fish Bioenergetics 3.0 (Hanson et al. 1997), and (D) Fish Bioenergetics 4.0.

Table 1. List of models included in Fish Bioenergetics 4.0 (FB4). Bioenergetics models that are new to FB4 are indicated by an asterisk (*). † denotes new or revised versions of existing models found in previous versions of Fish Bioenergetics software. A = adult, J = juvenile, L = larvae.

Family	Species	Number of models; life stages	References
Acipenseridae	Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus*	2; L, J	Chipps et al. (2009); Heironimus (2015)
Cambaridae	Rusty Crayfish Orconectes rusticus*	1; A	Roth et al. (2006)
Centrarchidae	Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides	1; A	Rice et al. (1983)
	Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieui	3; J, A	Shuter and Post (1990); Whitledge et al. (2003)†
	White Crappie Pomoxis annularis*	1; A	Zweifel (2000); Bajer et al. (2004)
	Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus	2; J, A	Kitchell et al. (1974)
	Sacramento Perch Archoplites interruptus*	1; A	Bliesner (2005)
Channidae	Snakehead Channa striatus*	1; J	Qin et al. (1997)
Cichlidae	Blue Tilapia Oreochromis aureus	1; A	Nitithamyong (1988)
Clupeidae	Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus	4; L, J, A	Stewart and Binkowski (1986); Klumb et al. (2003)†
	Atlantic Menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus*	1;L	Rippetoe (1993); Annis et al. (2011)†
	Baltic Herring Clupea harengus*	1; J	Arrhenius (1998); Rudstam (1988); Blaxter (1960)
	Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum*	1; J, A	Sebring (2002)
	Herring Clupea harengus	2; J, A	Rudstam (1988)
Cottidae	Prickly Sculpin Cottus asper*	1; J, A	Moss (2001)
Cyprinidae	Bighead Carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis*	1; J, A	Cooke and Hill (2010)
	Dace Phoxinus spp.	1; J, A	He (1986); Trudel and Boisclair (1994)
	Fathead Minnow Pimephales pomelas*	1; J, A	Duffy (1998)
	Humpback Chub Gila cypha*	1; J, A	Petersen and Paukert (2005)
	Northern Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis*	1; J, A	Petersen and Ward (1999)
	Red River Shiner Notropis bairdi*	1; A	Offill (2003)
	Roach Rutilus rutilus*	1; A	Karjalainen et al. (1997)
	Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix*	1; J, A	Cooke and Hill (2010)
Dreissenidae	Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha*	1; A	Schneider (1992)
Engraulidae	Bay Anchovy Anchoa mitchilli*	1; J, A	Luo and Brandt (1993)
	European Anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus*	3; L, J, A	Politikos et al. (2011)
Esocidae	Muskellunge Esox masquinongy	1; A	Bevelhimer et al. (1985)
	Northern Pike Esox lucius	1; A	Bevelhimer et al. (1985)
	Tiger Muskellunge Esox lucius x E. masquinongy	2; J, A	Bevelhimer et al. (1985); Schoenebeck et al. (2008)†
Fundulidae	California Killifish Fundulus parvipinnis*	1; J, A	Madon et al. (2001)
	Plains Killifish Fundulus zebrinus*	1; J, A	Offill (2003)
Gadidae	Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua*	2; J, A	Hansson et al. (1996); Mateo (2007)
	Walleye Pollock Theragra chalcogramma	5; J, A	Buckley and Livingston (1994)
Gasterosteidae	Threespine Stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus*	1; J, A	Hovel et al. (2015)
Gobiidae	Round Goby Neogobius melanostomus*	1; J, A	Lee and Johnson (2005)
Hexagrammidae	Lingcod Ophiodon elongatus*	1; A	Beaudreau and Essington (2009)
Latidae	Nile Perch Lates niloticus	1; J	Kitchell et al. (1997)
Lotidae	Burbot Lota lota*	1; J, A	Pääkkönen et al. (2003)
Moronidae	Striped Bass Morone saxatilis	5; L, J, A	Hartman and Brandt (1995); Johnson (1995)
	White Bass Morone chrysops*	1; L	Johnson (1995)
Mysidae	Mysis Mysis diluviana	1; A	Rudstam (1989); Rudstam et al. (1999)†
Osmeridae	European Smelt Osmerus eperlanus*	1; L, J	Karjalainen et al. (1997)
	Rainbow Smelt Osmerus mordax	3; L, J, A	Lantry and Stewart (1993)
Paralichthyidae	Southern Flounder Paralichthys lethostigma*	1; J, A	Burke and Rice (2002)
Percidae	Eurasian Perch Perca fluviatilis*	3; L, J, A	Karas and Thoresson (1992); Karjalainen et al. (1997)
	Ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus*	1; J, A	Tarvainen et al. (2008)
	Saugeye Sander vitreus × S. Canadensis*	1; A	Zweifel et al. (2010)
	Walleye Sander vitreus	2; L, J, A	Kitchell et al. (1977); Madon and Culver (1993)
	Yellow Perch Perca flavescens	3; L, J, A	Kitchell et al. (1977); Post (1990)
	Zander Zander zander*	1; A	Keskinen et al. (2008)
Petromyzontidae	Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus	1; A	Kitchell and Breck (1980)
Poeciliidae	Western Mosquitofish Gambusia affinis*	1; J, A	Chipps and Wahl (2004)
Pomatomidae	Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix	1; L, J, A	Hartman and Brandt (1995)
Salmonidae	Baikal Grayling Thymallus arcticus baicalensis*	1; J, A	Hartman and Jensen (2017)
	Bloater Chub Coregonus hoyi	1; A	Rudstam et al. (1994)
	Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis*	1; J, A	Hartman and Sweka (2003); Hartman and Cox (2008)
	Brown Trout Salmo trutta*	1; J, A	Dieterman et al. (2004)
	Bull Trout Salvelinus confluentus*	1; J, A	Mesa et al. (2013)
	Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha	1; J, A	Stewart and Ibarra (1991); Plumb and Moffitt (2015)
	Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch	1; J, A	Stewart and Ibarra (1991)
	Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus claki	1; J, A	Beauchamp et al. (1995)
	Generalized coregonid Coregonus spp.	1; A	Rudstam et al. (1994)
	European Whitefish Coregonus lavaretus*	1; L, J	Huuskonen et al. (1998)
	Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush	1; A	Stewart et al. (1983)
	Lake Whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis*	1; A	Madenjian et al. (2006, 2013)
	Lenok Brachymystax lenok*	1; A	Hartman and Jensen (2017)
	Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha	1; J, A	Beauchamp et al. (1989)
	Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss*	2; J, A	Railsback and Rose (1999); Tyler and Bolduc (2008)
	Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka	1; J, A	Beauchamp et al. (1989)
	Steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss	1; J, A	Rand et al. (1993)
	Vendace Coregonus albula*	1; L, J	Karjalainen et al. (1997)
Sciaenidae	Weakfish Cynoscion regalis	2; L,J,A	Hartman and Brandt (1995)
Scomberesocidae	Pacific Saury Cololabis saira*	2; J, A	Ito et al. (2004); Mukai et al. (2007)
Scorpaenidae	Indo-Pacific lionfish Sander lucioperca	1; J, A	Cerino et al. (2013)

Figure 2. Cumulative number of published bioenergetics models, 1974–2017, representing 70 fish species (some at multiple life stages) and three invertebrate species.

Figure 3. User interface for FB4 showing Initial Settings page. Parameter values are shown at right for the species selected by the user, providing original reference(s) and values used in the bioenergetics model.

Figure 4. Example of temperature (top panel) and diet proportion (bottom panel) input data in FB4. The Input Files page allows users to quickly visualize their input data to ensure accuracy prior to performing a simulation. Note: Data are linearly interpolated for missing data points.

Figure 5. Tabulated (top panel) and plotted (bottom panel) output options available in FB4. The tabulated output can be downloaded as a .csv file using the “Download Table” button. Note that the output variables shown here are only a small subset of those available.

Hewett, S. W., and B. L. Johnson. 1987. A generalized bioenergetics model of fish growth for microcomputers. University of Wisconsin, Sea Grant Institute, Technical Report WIS-SG-87-245, Madison.

 Google Scholar

Hewett, S. W., and B. L. Johnson. 1992. Fish bioenergetics model 2: an upgrade of a generalized bioenergetics model of fish growth for microcomputers. University of Wisconsin, Sea Grant Institute, Technical Report WIS-SG92-250, Madison.

 Google Scholar

Hanson, P. C., T. B. Johnson, D. E. Schindler, and J. F. Kitchell. 1997. Fish bioenergetics 3.0 software for Windows. University of Wisconsin Center for Limnology, Sea Grant Institute, Technical Report WISCU-T-97-001, Madison, Wisconsin.

 Google Scholar

Chipps, S. R., R. A. Klumb, and E. B. Wright. 2009. Development and application of juvenile Pallid Sturgeon bioenergetics model. South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks, Pierre.

 Google Scholar

Heironimus, L. B. 2015. The development and application of a larval Pallid Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) bioenergetics model. Master's thesis. South Dakota State University, Brookings.

 Google Scholar

Roth, B. M., C. L. Hein, and M. J. Vander Zanden. 2006. Using bioenergetics and stable isotopes to assess the trophic role of Rusty Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) in lake littoral zones. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63: 335–344.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rice, J. A., J. E. Breck, S. M. Bartell, and J. F. Kitchell. 1983. Evaluating the constraints of temperature, activity and consumption on growth of Largemouth Bass. Environmental Biology of Fishes 9: 263–275.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Shuter, B. J., and J. R. Post. 1990. Climate, population viability, and the zoogeography of temperate fishes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119: 314–336.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Whitledge, G. W., R. S. Hayward, and R. D. Zweifel. 2003. Development and laboratory evaluation of a bioenergetics model for subadult and adult Smallmouth Bass. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132: 316–325.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zweifel, R. D. 2000. Development and evaluation of a bioenergetics model for White Crappie. Master's thesis. University of Missouri, Columbia.

 Google Scholar

Bajer, P. G., R. S. Hayward, G. W. Whitledge, and R. D. Zweifel. 2004. Simultaneous identification and correction of systematic error in bioenergetics models: demonstration with a White Crappie (Pomoxis annularis) model. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61: 2168–2182.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kitchell, J. F., J. F. Koonce, R. V. O'Neill, H. S. Shugart Jr., J. J. Magnuson, and R. S. Booth. 1974. Model of fish biomass dynamics. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 103: 786–798.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Bliesner, K. L. 2005. Trophic ecology and bioenergetics modeling of Sacramento Perch (Archoplites interruptus) in Abbotts Lagoon, Point Reyes National Seashore. Master's thesis. Humboldt State University, Humboldt, California.

 Google Scholar

Qin, J., X. He, and W. Fast. 1997. A bioenergetics model for an air-breathing fish. Channa striatus. Environmental Biology of Fishes 50: 309–318.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Nitithamyong, C. 1988. Bioenergetics approach to the study of anabolic effects of 17α-methyltestosterone in Blue Tilapia, Oreochromis aureus. Doctoral dissertation. University of Wisconsin, Madison.

 Google Scholar

Stewart, D. J., and F. P. Binkowski. 1986. Dynamics of consumption and food conversion by Lake Michigan Alewives: an energetics-modeling synthesis. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115: 643–661.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Klumb, R. A., L. G. Rudstam, and E. L. Mills. 2003. Comparison of Alewife young-of-the-year and adult respiration and swimming speed bioenergetics model parameters: implications of extrapolation. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132: 1089–1103.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rippetoe, T. H. 1993. Production and energetics of Atlantic menhaden in Chesapeake Bay. Master's thesis. University of Maryland, College Park.

 Google Scholar

Annis, E. R., E. D. Houde, L. W. Harding Jr., M. E. Mallonee, and M. J. Wilberg. 2011. Calibration of a bioenergetics model linking primary production to Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus growth in Chesapeake Bay. Marine Ecology Progress Series 437: 253–267.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Arrhenius, F. 1998. Variable length of daily feeding period in bioenergetics modeling: a test with 0-group Baltic Herring. Journal of Fish Biology 52: 855–860.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rudstam, L. G. 1988. Exploring the dynamics of herring consumption in the Baltic: applications of an energetic model of fish growth. Kieler Meeresforsch Sonderheft 6: 312–322.

 Google Scholar

Blaxter, J. H. S. 1960. The effects of extremes of temperature on herring larvae. Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 39: 605–609.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sebring, S. H. 2002. Development and application of a bioenergetics model for Gizzard Shad. Master's thesis. Texas Tech University, Lubbock.

 Google Scholar

Moss, J. H. H. 2001. Development and application of a bioenergetics model for Lake Washington Prickly Sculpin. Master's thesis. University of Washington, Seattle.

 Google Scholar

Cooke, S. L., and W. R. Hill. 2010. Can filter-feeding Asian carp invade the Laurentian Great Lakes? A bioenergetics modeling exercise. Freshwater Biology 55: 2138–2152.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

He, X. 1986. Population dynamics of Northern Redbelly Dace (Phoxinus eos), Finescale Dace (Phoxinus neogaeus), and Central Mudminnow (Umbra limi), in two manipulated lakes. Master's thesis. University of Wisconsin, Madison.

 Google Scholar

Trudel, M., and D. Boisclair. 1994. Seasonal consumption by dace (Phoxinus eos × P. neogaeus): a comparison between field and bioenergetics model estimates. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51: 2558–2567.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Duffy, W. G. 1998. Population dynamics, production, and prey consumption of Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) in prairie wetlands: a bioenergetics approach. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54: 15–27.

 Google Scholar

Petersen, J. H., and C. P. Paukert. 2005. Development of a bioenergetics model for Humpback Chub and evaluation of water temperature changes in the Grand Canyon, Colorado River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 134: 960–974.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Petersen, J. H., and D. L. Ward. 1999. Development and corroboration of a bioenergetics model for Northern Pikeminnow feeding on juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128: 784–801.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Offill, K. R. 2003. Development and applications of a bioenergetics model for the Plains Killifish (Fundulus zebrinus) and Red River Shiner (Notropis bairdi). Master's thesis. Texas Tech University, Lubbock.

 Google Scholar

Karjalainen, J., D. Miserque, and H. Huuskonen. 1997. The estimation of food consumption in larval and juvenile fish: experimental evaluation of bioenergetics models. Journal of Fish Biology 51(A): 39–51.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Schneider, D. W. 1992. A bioenergetics model of zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, growth in the Great Lakes Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49: 1406–1416.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Luo, J., and S. B. Brandt. 1993. Bay Anchovy Anchoa mitchilli production and consumption in mid-Chesapeake Bay based on a bioenergetics model and acoustic measures of fish abundance. Marine Ecology Progress Series 98: 223–236.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Politikos, D. V., G. Triantafyllou, G. Petihakis, K. Tsiaras, S. Somarakis, S.-I. Ito, and B. A. Megrey. 2011. Application of a bioenergetics growth model for European Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) linked with a lower trophic level ecosystem model. Hydrobiologia 670: 141–163.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Bevelhimer, M. S., R. A. Stein, and R. F. Carline. 1985. Assessing significance of physiological differences among three esocids with a bioenergetics model. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42: 57–69.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Schoenebeck, C. W., S. R. Chipps, and M. L. Brown. 2008. Improvement of an esocid bioenergetics model for juvenile fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137: 1891–1897.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Madon, S. P., G. D. Williams, J. M. West, and J. B. Zedler. 2001. The importance of marsh access to growth of the California Killifish, Fundulus parvipinnis, evaluated through bioenergetics modeling. Ecological Modelling 135: 149–165.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hansson, S., L. G. Rudstam, J. F. Kitchell, M. Hildén, B. L. Johnson, and P. E. Peppard. 1996. Predation rates by North Sea Cod (Gadus morhua)—predictions from models on gastric evacuation and bioenergetics. ICES Journal of Marine Science 53: 107–114.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mateo, I. 2007. A bioenergetics based comparison of growth conversion efficiency of Atlantic Cod on Georges Bank and in the Gulf of Maine. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 38: 23–35.

 Google Scholar

Buckley, T. W., and P. A. Livingston. 1994. A bioenergetics model of Walleye Pollock (Theraga chalcogramma) in the Eastern Bering Sea: structure and documentation. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AF-SC-37, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington.

 Google Scholar

Hovel, R. A., D. A. Beauchamp, A. G. Hansen, and M. H. Sorel. 2015. Development of a bioenergetics model for the Threespine Stickleback. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 144: 1311–1321.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Lee, V. A., and T. B. Johnson. 2005. Development of a bioenergetics model for the Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus). Journal of Great Lakes Research 31: 125–134.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Beaudreau, A. H., and T. E. Essington. 2009. Development of a new field-based approach for estimating consumption rates of fishes and comparison with a bioenergetics model for Lingcod (Ophiodon elongates). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66: 565–578.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hartman, K. J., and J. A. Sweka. 2003. Development of a bioenergetics model for Appalachian Brook Trout. Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 55(2001):38–51.

 Google Scholar

Hartman, K. J., and S. B. Brandt. 1995. Comparative energetics and the development of bioenergetics models for sympatric estuarine piscivores. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52: 1647–1666.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Johnson, T. B. 1995. Long-term dynamics of the zooplanktivorous fish community in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. Doctoral dissertation. University of Wisconsin–Madison.

 Google Scholar

Rudstam, L. G. 1989. A bioenergetics model for Mysis growth and consumption applied to a Baltic population of Mysis mixta. Journal of Plankton Research 11: 971–983.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rudstam, L. G., A. Hetherington, and A. Mohammadian. 1999. Effect of temperature on feeding and survival of Mysis relicta. Journal of Great Lakes Research 25: 363–371.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Lantry, B. F., and D. J. Stewart. 1993. Ecological energetics of Rainbow Smelt in the Laurentian Great Lakes: an interlake comparison. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122: 951–976.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Burke, B. J., and J. A. Rice. 2002. A linked foraging and bioenergetics model for Southern Flounder. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 131: 120–131.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Karas, P., and G. Thoresson. 1992. An application of a bioenergetics model to Eurasian Perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) 41: 217–230.

 Google Scholar

Tarvainen, M., A. Anttalainen, H. Helminen, T. Keskinen, J. Sarvala, I. Vaahto, and J. Karjalainen. 2008. A validated bioenergetics model for Ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus and its application to a northern lake. Journal of Fish Biology 73: 536–556.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zweifel, R. D., A. M. Gascho Landis, R. S. Hale, and R. A. Stein. 2010. Development and evaluation of a bioenergetics model for saugeye. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 139: 855–867.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kitchell, J. F., D. J. Stewart, and D. Weininger. 1977. Applications of a bioenergetics model to Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) and Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34: 1922–1935.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Madon, S. P., and D. A. Culver. 1993. Bioenergetics model for larval and juvenile Walleyes: an in situ approach with experimental ponds. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122: 797–813.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Post, J. 1990. Metabolic allometry of larval and juvenile Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens): in situ estimates and bioenergetic models. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47(3): 554–560.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Keskinen, T., J. Jääskeläinen, T. J. Marjomäki, T. Matilainen, and J. Karjalainen. 2008. A bioenergetics model for zander: Construction, validation, and evaluation of uncertainty caused by multiple input parameters. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137: 1741–1755.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kitchell, J. F., and J. E. Breck. 1980. Bioenergetics model and foraging hypothesis for Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37: 2159–2168.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chipps, S. R., and D. H. Wahl. 2004. Development and evaluation of a Western Mosquitofish bioenergetics model. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133: 1150–1162.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hartman, K. J. 2017. Bioenergetics of Brown Bullhead in a changing climate. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 146: 634–644.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rudstam, L. G., F. P. Binkowski, and M. A. Miller. 1994. A bioenergetics model for analysis of food consumption patterns of bloater in Lake Michigan. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 123: 344–357.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hartman, K. J., and M. K. Cox. 2008. Refinement and testing of a Brook Trout bioenergetics model. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137: 357–363.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Dieterman, D. J., W. C. Thorn, and C. S. Anderson. 2004. Application of a bioenergetics model for Brown Trout to evaluate growth in southeast Minnesota streams. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Investigational Report 513: 1–27.

 Google Scholar

Mesa, M. G., L. K. Weiland, H. E. Christiansen, S. T. Sauter, and D. A. Beauchamp. 2013. Development and evaluation of a bioenergetics model for Bull Trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 142: 41–49.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stewart, D. J., and M. Ibarra, 1991. Predation and production by salmonine fishes in Lake Michigan, 1978–88. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 909–922.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Plumb, J. M., and C. M. Moffitt. 2015. Re-estimating temperature-dependent consumption parameters in bioenergetics models for juvenile Chinook Salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 144: 323–330.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Beauchamp, D. A., M. G. LaRiviere, and G. L. Thomas. 1995. Evaluation of competition and predation as limits to the production of juvenile Sockeye Salmon in Lake Ozette. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 15: 121–135.

 Google Scholar

Huuskonen, H., J. Karjalainen, N. Medgyesy, and W. Wieser. 1998. Energy allocation in larval and juvenile Coregonus lavaretus: validation of a bioenergetics model. Journal of Fish Biology 52: 962–972.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stewart, D. J., D. Weininger, D. V. Rottiers, and T. A. Edsall. 1983. An energetics model for Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush: application to the Lake Michigan population Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40: 681–698.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Madenjian, C. P., D. V. O'Connor, S. A. Pothoven, P. J. Schneeberger, R. R. Rediske, J. P. O'Keefe, R. A. Bergstedt, R. L. Argyle, and S. B. Brandt. 2006. Evaluation of a Lake Whitefish bioenergetics model. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 135: 61–75.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Madenjian, C. P., S. A. Pothoven, and Y.-C. Kao. 2013. Reevaluation of lake trout and lake whitefish bioenergetics models. Journal of Great Lakes Research 39: 358–364.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Beauchamp, D. A., D. J. Stewart, and G. L. Thomas. 1989. Corroboration of a bioenergetics model for Sockeye Salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 118: 597–607.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Railsback, S. F., and K. A. Rose. 1999. Bioenergetics modeling of stream trout growth: temperature and food consumption effects. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128: 241–256.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Tyler, J. A., and M. B. Bolduc. 2008. Individual variation in bioenergetics rates of young-of-year Rainbow Trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137: 314–323.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Brandt, S. B., and K. J. Hartman. 1993. Innovative approaches with bioenergetics models: future applications to fish ecology and management. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122: 731–735.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ito, S.-I., M. J. Kishi, Y. Kurita, Y. Oozeki, Y. Yamanaka, B. A. Megrey, and F. E. Werner. 2004. Initial design for a fish bioenergetics model of Pacific Saury coupled to a lower trophic ecosystem model. Fisheries Oceanography 13(1): 111–124.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mukai, D., M. J. Kishi, S.-I. Ito, and Y. Kurita. 2007. The importance of spawning season on the growth of Pacific Saury: a model-based study using NEMURO.FISH. Ecological Modelling 202: 165–173.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Cerino, D., A. S. Overton, J. A. Rice, and J. A. Morris, Jr. 2013. Bioenergetics and trophic impacts of the invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 142: 1522–1534.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar