Virtual reality storytelling as a double-edged sword: Immersive presentation of nonfiction 360°-video is associated with impaired cognitive information processing

Figures & data

Table 1. Means, standard deviations, and bivariate correlations between variables.

	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5
1. HRV	199.98	29.17
2. Recognition	0.78	0.24	0.01
3. Cued recall	0.26	0.34	0.06	0.01
4. EDA	10.17	5.79	−0.16**	−0.12*	−0.06
5. Presence	2.81	1.21	−0.02	0.07	0.08	0.17**
6. Cybersickness	0.20	0.63	0.02	−0.08	0.06	0.09	0.09

Note: Means and standard deviations of heart rate variability (HRV) and electrodermal activity (EDA) are expressed, respectively, in the original units (root mean square of successive differences – RMSSD – and μS, respectively), but the correlations between them and the other variables are calculated based on their standardized scores. Cued recall is expressed in percent of correct responses. Presence and cybersickness are expressed in scores in their respective scales. The variable free recall is not included in the Table since it was a dichotomous variable.

*p < .05; **p < .01

Table 2. Summary of the regression models.

	HRV	Recognition	Cued recall	Free recall	EDA	Presence
Coefficients
Intercept	−0.64***	0.78***	0.21***	−0.68	−0.14	2.03***
Mode	−0.36***	−0.60*	−0.11*	0.49	0.61***	0.92***
Cybersickness	0.11	−0.10	0.05	−0.40	−0.01	−0.01
Order	0.18***	0.01	0.02*	−0.09	−0.03	0.07*
F	28.85	2.60	2.58		12.58	18.07
df regression	3	3	3	3	3	3
df error	276	291	172	264	289	291
Adjusted R^2	0.23	0.02	0.03		0.11	0.15
AIC				210.32

Note: The dummy coding of the Mode variable is: 0 = screen, 1 = VR. Order refers to the order of presentation of the stories (higher values for stories presented later). Coefficients for the electrodermal activity (EDA) and heart rate variability (HRV) models are expressed in within-subjects standardized scores. Coefficients for presence, recognition, cued recall and free recall are expressed in, respectively, points in the Likert-type scales, percent of hits, percent of correct responses, and odds-ratio.

*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.

Table

Video number	Link
1	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEaCyb-DZJ0
2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKt22ioCcEs&list=PLeEzCJHXClX1sC0lPqOCqj1AF-Rj7Sr3A&index=11
3	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DA-u6SNrDjE
4	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Wmfu-LOAyg
5	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10XNvUhN7zg
6	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pctLtUmvKg
7	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEpW5lvwdFM&disable_polymer=true
8	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_o8ERDLi7w&t=12s