Implications of integrated nature conservation for human reproductive health: a case study from Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar

Figures & data

Summary of data sources of the study

Data source	Unit and number	Park/non‐park	Year(s)
Health statistics	Ten municipalities	6/4	1999–2001
School enrolment statistics	26 schools (fokotany)	14/12	1990–2000
Key person interviews	13 villages and ten municipalities	7/6 and 6/4	2001
Focus group interviews	20 groups in five villages	3/2	2002
MICET follow‐up surveys	Six villages	6/0	1998
Initial park surveys (Kightlinger et al., 1992a, 1992b)	18 villages	18/0	1990–1

Map of study area

Timeline of health interventions by the Ranomafana National Park

Percentage of girls (girls/total number of pupils at school) in primary schools between 1990 and 2000, and the percentage of girls in the third grade from girls in the first grade between 1990 and 2000, in the Ranomafana park area and outside it

Area	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000
% of girls in primary schools
Park area	60	49	56	49	54	49	49	50	49	49	50
Non‐park	49	51	53	52	55	47	49	48	48	48	51
% of girls in the third grade*
Park area	34	32	47	56	31	26	38	49	36	55	97
Non‐park	60	70	58	25	59	43	39	46	55	58	51
Note: *Figures were derived by dividing the number of girls in the third year by the number of girls in the first year in every year. For example, the number of girls in the third grade in 1990 was divided by the number of those who were in the first grade in the same year.

Use of modern contraceptives (% of women of reproductive age) in villages in the Ranomafana park area and outside it (n=number of villages)

	Non‐park area in 2001**
	Park area in 1990* (n = 18)	Park area in 2001** (n = 7)	Near the park (n = 2)	Far away (n = 4)	Total (n = 6)
Average %	0	6	7	2	4
Range %	–	0–18	3–11	1–5	1–11
Sources: *Kightlinger et al. (1992b); **interviews with health animators in 2001. The number of contraceptive users was estimated by health animators, which we divided later by the total number of women of reproductive age in each village.

Fertility rates in the Ranomafana National Park area and the area outside thereof

Area	1990‐1*	1998 (MICET survey)	1999**
Park area	5,7	6,3	5,3
Non‐park area	–	–	4,9
Sources: *Kightlinger et al. (1992b); **the number of women of reproductive age (15–49 years) was obtained from health statistics and was estimated at 23 per cent of the total population in a municipality. The number of births was obtained from the census data.

Share of deliveries in health centres and women with prenatal visits in the Ranomafana park area and outside thereof

	Park area in 1990*	Park area in 2000**	Non‐park area in 2000**
Number of municipalities and villages	18 villages	Six municipalities	Four municipalities
Deliveries in health centres (%)	29	15	23
Range (%)	0–86	3–22	11–48
Pregnant women having prenatal visits (%)	49	71	79
Range (%)	0–89	35–100	40–98
Average number of prenatal visits per visiting woman	–	2,4	2,3
Range	–	1,3–3,1	1,8–3
Sources: *Kightlinger et al. (1992b) survey in 18 villages; **health centre statistics, average for 1999–2001.

Infant mortality rates (population based), averages of deaths per 1 000 live births (infants under one year old)

Area	1990	1993	1994	1996	1998	1999–2001*	% of births in health centres
Park area	34	40	29	48	34	74	15
Non‐park area	57	31	72	54	45	60	29
Note: *Deaths/children born live in health centres.

KIGHTLINGER L KIGHTLINGER M MARTIAL R JOELSON R SOLOFO R VOAHIRANA R 1992a Socio‐economic and health aspects of eighteen communities surrounding Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar, 1990–91 In Socio‐economic surveys in the Ranomafana National Park periphery, 1992 Unpublished report. Ranomafana National Park Project, Madagascar

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KIGHTLINGER L ZOTTI M SEED J KIGHTLINGER M RANDRIANARIMANANA D 1992b Child health and maternal childbearing in the villages on the periphery of Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar Unpublished project report

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