Migration and development in Mozambique: poverty, inequality and survival

Figures & data

Table 1: Sectoral distribution of external migrants

Main workplace	No.	%
Factory	67	6.4
Mine	329	31.3
Shop	31	2.9
Office	14	1.3
Government	5	0.5
Informal	120	11.4
Domestic	13	1.2
Farm	15	1.4
Profession	31	2.9
School	5	0.5
Other	230	21.9
Don't know	191	18.2
Source: MARS.

Table 2: Indicators of living conditions

Variable	South (%)	Centre (%)	North (%)
Cement walls	23.8	5.4	0.6
Thatch roof	34.1	86.9	98.1
Cement floor	52.0	10.1	1.9
Source of lighting – kerosene	85.9	52.8	39.6
Cooking fuel – firewood	94.9	90.5	94.0
River/spring as principal source of water	17.9	49.9	61.1
Source: ANE.

Table 3: Ownership of livestock

	South		Centre		North
Type of livestock	%	Average number	%	Average number	%	Average number
Cattle	18.5	6.4	4.8	7.7	0.1	2.0
Goats	52.7	5.2	38.8	9.3	21.7	6.1
Pigs	42.3	2.9	22.8	4.9	6.3	3.3
Chickens	72.6	11.4	68.1	10.2	46.5	8.3
Source: ANE.

Table 4: Selected inanimate asset holdings

Type	South	Centre	North
Solar panel	17.6	0.6	0.2
Bicycle	35.1	51.7	40.1
Pick-up van	20.0	0.8	0
Car	7.8	0.6	0.1
Tractor	1.9	0.3	0
Refrigerator	14.2	1.5	0
Television	11.7	1.9	0
Video	10.6	0.6	0
Music system	35.9	14.3	3.6
Generator	3.9	0.1	0
Grain mill	12.6	0.6	0.1
Plough	17.6	2.5	0.1
Watch	66.7	34.0	10.1
Water tank	12.8	1.6	0.1
Large water drum	59.1	9.2	2.1
Source: ANE.

Table 5: Investments (above 500 000 MT) made in last year (% of households)

	South	Centre	North
Male-headed	54.1	39.1	17.7
Female-headed	35.4	24.8	10.0
Residence	35.8	16.0	6.7
Transport	6.9	12.0	5.6
Agricultural equipment	4.8	2.7	3.6
Animals	8.6	2.4	1.1
Source: ANE.

Table 6: Distribution of wealth points by region (%)

	Region
Quartiles	South	Centre	North	Total
1st quartile (lowest)	11.6	24.4	48.0	26.7
2nd quartile	12.8	27.9	28.9	24.1
3rd quartile	23.7	28.6	17.4	24.6
4th quartile (highest)	51.9	19.1	5.7	24.6
Total	100	100	100	100
Source: ANE.

Table 7: Household income from all sources (by frequency)

	Responses	% of households	% of responses
Wage work	243	33.5	13.6
Casual work	103	14.2	5.8
Remittances – money	548	75.5	30.6
Remittances – goods	466	64.2	26
Income from farm products	161	22.2	9
Income from formal business	30	4.1	1.7
Income from informal business	157	21.6	8.8
Pension/disability	23	3.2	1.3
Gifts	22	3.0	1.2
Other	23	3.2	1.3
Refused to answer	11	1.5	0.6
Don't know	4	0.5	0.2
Total	1791		100
Source: MARS.

Table 8: Household income by source and value

	No.	Mean	Median
Wage work	149	$1 016.19	$608.70
Casual work	44	$226.67	$65.22
Remittances – money	438	$523.99	$347.83
Remittances – goods	266	$393.79	$217.39
Income from farm products	115	$103.84	$39.13
Income from formal business	8	$779.89	$391.30
Income from informal business	84	$255.72	$130.43
Pension/disability	15	$263.45	$86.96
Gifts	12	$60.94	$26.09
Other income	11	$226.48	$52.17
Total income	579	$936.91	$528.26
Source: MARS.

Table 9: Frequency and value of money remittances

	No.	Mean	Median
Twice or more per month	13	$630.77	$365.22
Once a month	135	$862.39	$782.61
More than twice in 3 months	37	$327.09	$304.35
Once in 3 months	147	$303.14	$326.09
Once every 6 months	68	$201.62	$163.04
Once a year	82	$123.40	$65.22
At end of the contract	4	$240.22	$197.83
Other	67	$494.16	$304.35
Don't know	15	$435.65	$478.26
Source: MARS.

Table 10: Annual cash remittances by level of education and sector

	No.	Mean	Median
(a) Education
None	40	$444.60	$304.35
Primary	424	$426.32	$269.13
Secondary	82	$582.36	$347.83
Don't know	28	$492.45	$428.26
(b) Main workplace
Factory	37	$390.09	$304.35
Mine	249	$537.22	$434.78
Shop	20	$462.15	$201.09
Office	5	$427.22	$243.48
Government	1	$434.78	$434.78
Informal	48	$312.57	$158.70
Domestic	6	$323.19	$304.35
Farm	5	$241.30	$239.13
Professional categories	16	$842.93	$304.35
School	2	$67.39	$67.39
Other	124	$402.84	$173.91
Don't know	43	$338.52	$152.17

Table 11: Money sent home: average amount over a year by migrant type

	No.	Mean	Median
Relationship
Head	285	$570.31	$417.39
Spouse/Partner	26	$316.91	$219.57
Son/Daughter	224	$341.41	$173.91
Father/Mother	3	$628.99	$608.70
Brother/Sister	27	$317.01	$173.91
Grandchild	3	$333.33	$434.78
Son/Daughter-in-law	2	$165.22	$165.22
Nephew/Niece	5	$456.96	$217.39
Other relative	1	$380.43	$380.43
Gender
Male	553	$457.65	$304.35
Female	23	$374.64	$152.17
Age (years)
15–24	55	$247.57	$152.17
25–39	292	$457.21	$304.35
40–59	119	$612.53	$434.78
60 and over	9	$472.71	$304.35
Don't know	99	$372.19	$217.39
Marital status
Unmarried	79	$264.92	$160.87
Married	367	$498.29	$347.83
Cohabiting	109	$474.51	$330.43
Divorced	7	$298.14	$260.87
Separated	3	$236.23	$304.35
Widowed	4	$196.20	$109.78
Don't know	1	$260.87	$260.87
Source: MARS.

Table 12: Monthly household expenses

	No	% of households	% of responses
Food and groceries	648	89.3	20.4
Housing	5	0.6	0.2
Utilities	291	40.1	9.1
Clothes	262	36.1	8.2
Alcohol	240	32.6	7.5
Medical expenses	229	31.5	7.2
Transport	323	44.5	10.2
Cigarettes, tobacco, snuff	43	5.9	1.4
Education	319	43.9	10
Entertainment	15	2.1	0.5
Savings	84	11.7	2.6
Fuel	338	46.6	10.6
Farming	82	11.3	2.6
Building	97	13.4	3
Special events	80	11.0	2.5
Gifts	41	5.6	1.3
Other expenses	33	4.5	1
No expenses	8	1.1	0.3
Refused to answer question	43	5.9	1.4
Total	3181		100
Source: MARS.

Table

Wealth point determinants for ANE survey
Determinant	Cohorts	Point allocation
1. Size of Machamba (fields)	< 1 ha	0
	1–2 ha	5
	2–5 ha	10
	5 ha +	20
2. Value of crop (000 MT per annum)	< 200 (but greater than 0)	1
	200–500	2
	500–1000	4
	1–2000	8
	2–5000	16
	5–10 000	30
	10 000–20 000	40
	> 20 000	50
3. Improved seeds	Yes	10
	No	0
4. Fertilisers	Yes	10
	No	0
5. Pesticides	Yes	10
	No	0
6. Livestock	Per goat owned	1
	Per head of cattle	5
7. Monthly wages (000 MT)	Don't know but > 0	5
	< 200	5
	200–500	10
	500–1000	20
	> 1000	30
8. Monthly non-agricultural income (000 MT).	Don't know but > 0	2
	< 50	2
	50–100	4
	100–200	8
	200–500	16
	> 500	20
9. Animals sold during past 12 months (000 MT)	< 200	1
	200–500	2
	500–1000	4
	1000–2000	8
	2000–5000	16
	5000–10000	30
	10 000–20 000	40
	> 20 000	50
10. Investments (annual) (MT)	0.5–1 m	5
	1–3 m	10
	3–5 m	20
	> 5 m	30
11. Housing materials	Cement block	40
	Other	0
	Cement/tiled floors	5
	Other categories	0
	Water piped in or out of house/ well in yard	10
	Other categories	0
	Electricity supplied	30
	Electricity not supplied	0
12. Other assets	Solar panel	5
	Generator	5
	Water pump	20
	Grain mill	20
	Plough	5
	Refrigerator	5
	Radio	2
	Music system	3
	Television	5
	Video	5
	Watch	1
	Boat	15
	Fishing net	3
	Bicycle	3
	Motor cycle	20
	Pick-up van	50
	Car	50
	Truck	80
	Tractor	50
	Water tank	3
	Drums (200 litres)	1
	Other large water containers	1
	Cool box	1