Directional trends in selected aspects of rural poverty in the Eastern Cape Province: changes during the first ten years of South African democracy

Figures & data

Table 1: Percentage age compositions of the research populations

Age	ECP CFDs	Former Ciskei	Former Transkei
1993 PSLSD
< 15 years	39	33	49
15–64 years	62	59	48
> 64 years	6	9	7
n	1305	982	4871
1998 SADHS
< 15 years	34	39	50
15–64 years	58	48	42
> 64 years	8	13	8
n	543	755	8036
2001 census
< 15 years	32	33	45
15–64 years	63	58	48
> 64 years	5	9	7
n	202 543	414 414	3 236 635
Sources: South African Labour and Development Research Unit (1993), Department of Health, Medical Research Council & Macro International (1998) and Statistics South Africa (2001).

Figure 1. A pyramid of the black rural CFD population, 2001

Source: Statistics South Africa (2001).

Figure 2. A pyramid of the rural former Transkei black population, 2001

Source: Statistics South Africa (2001).

Figure 3. A pyramid of the rural former Ciskei population, 2001

Source: Statistics South Africa (2001).

Table 2: Changes in mean household size amongst the rural black population

Year	National	ECP	Rural ECP	Transkei	Ciskei	CFDs
1993	6.90	6.50	6.77	7.00	5.60	5.70
1998	4.28	4.49	4.79	5.05	4.05	3.07
Sources: South African Labour and Development Research Unit (1993) and Department of Health, Medical Research Council & Macro International (1998).

Table 3: Mean number of children per woman aged 15 years and older

Year	National mean	Rural ECP	CFD	Ciskei	Transkei
1993	2.06	2.20	1.74	1.73	2.57
1998	1.95	2.09	1.91	1.65	2.35
Sources: South African Labour and Development Research Unit (1993) and Department of Health, Medical Research Council & Macro International (1998).

Table 4: Adolescent births as a percentage of total births

Year	National	ECP	Former Transkei	Former Ciskei	CFDs
1993	5.9	6.4	6.75	5.0	7.69
1998 (in past year)	4.1	5.3	6.30	5.5	2.80
Sources: South African Labour and Development Research Unit (1993) and Department of Health, Medical Research Council & Macro International (1998).

Table 5: Changes in infant and child mortality

	National figure	Black population	Rural Transkei	Rural Ciskei	Rural CFDs	Rural ECP
1993 PSLSD
Infant deaths	125/1000	169/1000	267/1000	110/1000	194/1000	–
Child deaths	68/1000	95/1000	173/1000	40/1000	65/1000	–
1998 SADHS
Infant deaths	33/1000	30/1000	–	–	–	42/1000
Child deaths	n/a	n/a	–	–	–	n/a
Sources: South African Labour and Development Research Unit (1993) and Department of Health, Medical Research Council & Macro International (1998).

Figure 4. Rural ECP migrants as a percentage of the sending population, 1993 and 2001

Source: South African Labour and Development Research Unit (1993) and Statistics South Africa (2001).

Table 6: Percentages of female household heads and their employment participation

	1993	1998	2001
Nationally	30% (29% employed)	49.7% (18% employed)	45% (57% employed)
ECP	37% (19% employed)	56.6% (12% employed)	54% (50% employed)
Rural Transkei	38% (13% employed)	60.5% (12% employed)	59% (49% employed)
Rural Ciskei	39% (33% employed)	50.6% (8% employed)	51% (49% employed)
Rural CFDs	24% (80% employed)	25.8% (43% employed)	46% (53% employed)
Sources: South African Labour and Development Research Unit (1993), Department of Health, Medical Research Council & Macro International (1998) and Statistics South Africa (2001).

Figure 5. The marital status of female household heads in percentages, 2002

Source: Statistics South Africa (2002).

Figure 6. Changes in migration patterns by gender

Source: South African Labour and Development Research Unit (1993) and Statistics South Africa (2001).

Figure 7. Rural women's employment by economic sector, 2002

Source: Statistics South Africa (2002).

Table 7: Percentages of literacy among black women 30 years and older in 1998

	Read easily	Read with difficulty	Cannot read	Total observations
Nationally	75.34	13.29	11.37	5207
ECP	83.33	8.13	8.53	1746
Rural Transkei	84.32	7.40	8.23	1473
Rural Ciskei	90.24	4.88	4.88	164
Rural CFDs	59.63	22.94	17.43	109
Source: Department of Health, Medical Research Council & Macro International (1998).

Figure 8. Educational achievement of rural former Transkei women, 1993, 1998 and 2001

Source: South African Labour and Development Research Unit (1993), Department of Health, Medical Research Council & Macro International (1998) and Statistics South Africa (2001).

Figure 9. Rural women's educational achievement in former Ciskei districts, 1993, 1998 and 2001

Source: South African Labour and Development Research Unit (1993), Department of Health, Medical Research Council & Macro International (1998) and Statistics South Africa (2001).

Figure 10. Rural women's educational achievement in CFDs, 1993, 1998 and 2001

Source: South African Labour and Development Research Unit (1993), Department of Health, Medical Research Council & Macro International (1998) and Statistics South Africa (2001).

Table 8: Trends in the enrolment of rural black women aged 16–24 years

	1993	1998	2001
National	48%	43%	47%
Provincial	48%	59%	54%
Former Transkei	47%	59%	55%
Former Ciskei	65%	71%	59%
CFDs	14%	20%	51%
Sources: South African Labour and Development Research Unit (1993), Department of Health, Medical Research Council & Macro International (1998) and Statistics South Africa (2001).

Table 9: Trends in the enrolment of rural black women aged 6–15 years

	1993	1998	2001
National	91.5% (n = 2971)	88.7% (n = 3904)	91%
Eastern Cape	91.9% (n = 716)	90.5% (n = 1693)	92%
Transkei	91.6% (n = 606)	90.5% (n = 1502)	91%
Ciskei	96% (n = 98)	93.2% (n = 138)	96%
CFDs	75% (n = 12)	82.8% (n = 53)	91%
Sources: South African Labour and Development Research Unit (1993), Department of Health, Medical Research Council & Macro International (1998) and Statistics South Africa (2001).

Figure 11. Rural ECP changes in energy use for cooking, 1993 and 1998

Source: South African Labour and Development Research Unit (1993) and Department of Health, Medical Research Council & Macro International (1998).

Figure 12. Rural ECP changes in energy use for lighting, 1993 and 2001

Source: South African Labour and Development Research Unit (1993) and Statistics South Africa (2001).

Figure 13. Rural ECP safe water accessibility and availability of toilets, 1993 and 2001

Source: South African Labour and Development Research Unit (1993) and Statistics South Africa (2001).

Table 10: Livestock ownership among a sample of rural African households in Mt Frere district, 2002

	Cattle	Goats	Sheep	Pigs
Top 10%	47%	50%	88%	60%
Top 33%	92%	93%	100%	78%
Source: De Swardt (2002).

Figure 14. Employment trends in the South African commercial farming sector, 1988–96

Source: Statistics South Africa (1996).

Figure 15. Employment in ECP commercial farming, 1991–6

Source: Statistics South Africa (1996).

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