Trade, aid and national development in Africa

Figures & data

Table 1: African regional trade blocs: total merchandise exports by bloc as a percentage of world exports

Trade bloc	Number of member countries	Year of creation	1990	1995	2000	2004
CEMAC	7	1994	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2
CEPGL	3	1976	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
COMESA	21	1994	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5
CBI	14	1992	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1
EAC	3	1996	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
ECCAS	11	1983	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3
ECOWAS	16	1975	0.6	0.4	0.6	0.5
IOC	5	1984	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
MRU	3	1973	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
SADC	14	1992	1.0	0.8	0.7	0.7
UDEAC	6	1964	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2
UEMOA	8	1994	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Source: World Bank, 2006: 334–5.
Acronyms: CEMAC (Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa); CEPGL (Economic Community of the Countries of the Great Lakes); COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa); CBI (Cross Border Initiative); EAC (East African Community); ECCAS (Economic Community of Central African States); ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States); IOC (Indian Ocean Commission); MRU (Mano River Union); SADC (Southern African Development Community – formerly Southern African Development Coordination Conference); UDEAC (Central African Customs and Economic Union); UEMOA (West African Economic and Monetary Union).

Table 2: Africa regional trade blocs: merchandise exports within bloc as a percentage of total bloc exports

Trade bloc	Number of member countries	1990	1995	2000	2004
CEMAC	7	2.3	2.1	1.1	1.3
CEPGL	3	0.5	0.5	0.8	1.2
COMESA	21	6.6	7.7	5.7	6.7
CBI	14	10.3	11.9	10.6	13.2
EAC	3	13.4	17.4	16.1	14.6
ECCAS	11	1.4	1.5	1.1	0.9
ECOWAS	16	7.9	9.0	7.9	8.5
IOC	5	4.1	6.0	4.4	4.3
MRU	3	0.0	0.1	0.4	0.3
SADC	14	4.8	8.7	9.3	9.5
UDEAC	6	2.3	2.1	1.0	1.2
UEMOA	8	13.0	10.3	13.1	13.9
Source: World Bank, 2006: 332–3.

Table 3: Terms of trade loss/gain in selected African countries, 1990

Country	Index 1980 = 100	Loss/(gain) $ million	Loss/(gain) as a % of GDP
Burkina Faso	98	3	0.0
Central African Rep.	94	8	0.6
Ghana	48	800	12.8
Kenya	75	344	3.9
Madagascar	85	59	1.9
Malawi	98	8	0.3
Mali	109	(29)	(1.2)
Mauritania	93	35	9.5
Niger	69	195	7.7
Nigeria	57	10 313	29.1
Rwanda	51	108	5.0
Sierra Leone	71	56	6.2
Tanzania	77	90	3.8
Togo	72	117	7.2
Uganda	55	124	4.1
Cameroon	63	704	6.3
Congo	70	484	16.9
Ivory Coast	62	1 594	16.1
Senegal	102	(15)	(0.3)
Gabon	63	1 451	30.1
Source: Green, 1993: 36.

Table 4: Aid as shares of gross national income (GNI) and gross capital formation (GCF) in selected African countries, 1999 and 2004

	Official aid ($ million)		Aid as a % GNI		Aid as a % GCF
Country	1999	2004	1999	2004	1999	2004
Benin	211	378	8.9	9.3	50.5	45.6
Burkina Faso	398	610	14.2	12.7	59.6	66.2
Ethiopia	643	1823	10.0	23.0	58.4	107.7
Ghana	609	1358	8.1	15.4	37.9	54.9
Madagascar	359	1236	9.8	28.8	64.7	103.2
Mali	355	567	14.0	12.2	65.1	59.2
Mauritania	219	180	20.1	11.1	120.2	54.5
Mozambique	805	1228	21.3	21.4	55.1	100.6
Niger	187	536	9.4	17.5	90.7	109.3
Rwanda	373	468	19.4	25.8	112.2	121.8
Senegal	535	1052	11.5	13.9	60.9	57.9
Tanzania	990	1746	11.6	16.2	73.8	83.8
Uganda	590	1159	9.9	17.3	50.3	75.7
Zambia	624	1081	21.0	21.2	113.4	77.1
Cameroon	435	762	5.0	5.4	25.3	31.8
Chad	188	319	12.4	11.8	121.6	30.6
DR Congo	132	1815	3.1	28.6	91.0	213.9
Gambia	34	63	8.2	16.0	43.6	63.3
Guinea	238	279	7.0	7.3	31.1	68.6
Guinea Bissau	52	76	24.9	28.3	139.0	219.4
Malawi	447	476	25.8	25.9	171.7	229.4
Sierra Leone	74	370	11.5	34.3	204.7	211.3
Source: World Bank, 2006: 348–50.
Note: Gross national income (GNI) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipt of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad.
Gross capital formation (GCF) consists of outlays (expenditures) on additions to fixed assets (land improvements; plant, machinery and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings) of the economy, net changes in the level of inventories (stocks of goods held by firms as precautionary measures), and net acquisitions of valuables.

World Bank . 2006 . World development indicators 2006 , Washington, DC : IBRD/The World Bank .

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Green , RH . 1993 . International monetary and financial issues for the 1990s , New York : United Nations conference on Trade and Development .

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