Common pool resource management among San communities in Ngamiland, Botswana

Figures & data

Figure 1: Map showing Ngamiland District, WMAs, controlled hunting areas and the locations of Mababe and Phuduhudu

Figure 2: Conservation areas of Botswana (national parks, game reserves and WMAs)

Table 1: Legal instruments and policies of land management and their effect on the San

Year	Legal instrument / policy	Proclamation	Main effect on the San
1933	Convention for the Protection of Fauna and Flora	Establishment of game reserves by the colonial administration throughout Africa	Evictions, denial of access to reserve areas
1961	Fauna Conservation Act	Establishment of game reserves in Botswana and anti-poaching laws	Evictions, denial of access, arrests, imprisonment for poaching
1967	National Parks Act	Establishment of National Parks	Evictions, denial of access, arrests, imprisonment for poaching
1968	Tribal Land Act	Establishment of Land Boards to manage tribal land and remove it from dikgosi	Exclusion as a tribe as Land Boards were based on tribal territories
1975	Tribal Grazing Land Policy	Establishment of privately owned ranches in communal land and establishment of WMAs	Reduction of access to some resources
1986	Wildlife Conservation Policy	Promotion of commercial wildlife uses in WMAs	Exclusion from commercial wildlife use that favoured large hunting companies
1988	Integrated Hunting Regulations	Hunting licences and hunting season	Issuing of special game licences
1992	Wildlife and National Parks Act	Expansion of parks and gazetting of WMAs	Further reduction of common pool resources as parks were expanded
2002	Draft regulations for WMAs	Centralisation of natural resource management in WMAs on government	Further reduction of access to livelihood resources
2007	CBNRM Policy	Formalisation of a de facto CBNRM	Abolition of special game licences