Does conservation make sense to local communities?

Figures & data

Figure 1: Kruger National Park

Table 1: Number and distribution of questionnaires, 2008/09

Total number of overnight questionnaires completed and visitor numbers
June–July 2008	460 questionnaires	Pretoriuskop: 75 chalets, 40 camp	Skukuza: 147 chalets, 102 camp	Mopani and Tsenze: 88 chalets, 8 camp	384 249 overnight guests, 381 622 chalet nights sold, 133 185 camp site nights sold
December 2008–January 2009	354 questionnaires	Skukuza: 181 chalets, 68 camp	Satara: 69 chalets, 36 camp
Total number of day visitor questionnaires completed and visitor numbers
June–July 2008	20 questionnaires				941 805 day visitors
December 2008–January 2009	97 questionnaires	69 Skukuza	31 Tshokwane
Source: Compiled by authors from data gathered and those supplied by SANParks.

Table 2: Total spending by day and overnight visitors at the Kruger National Park (in ZAR)

Day visitor spending (ZAR)	RSA	Foreign	Total
Number of persons	789 946	151 859	941 805
Admissions and fees	37 419 694 (24%)	21 885 562 (26%)	59 305 255 (25%)
Restaurants and bars	16 153 211 (11%)	17 307 460 (20%)	33 460 670 (14%)
Food	18 744 480 (12%)	4 298 950 (5%)	23 043 430 (10%)
Beverages	16 782 480 (11%)	10 049 493 (12%)	26 831 973 (11%)
Local transport	46 518 863 (30%)	7 313 797 (9%)	53 832 660 (22%)
Activities	8 053 652 (5%)	17 307 460 (20%)	25 361 112 (11%)
Souvenirs	7 068 223 (5%)	1 674 915 (2%)	8 743 138 (4%)
Other expenses	2 625 315 (2%)	5 583 051 (6%)	8 208 367 (3%)
Total	153 365 918	85 420 688	238 786 605
	Camp		Chalet		Total
Overnight visitor spending (ZAR)	RSA	Foreign	RSA	Foreign
Number of nights sold	117 394	15 791	227 883	153 739	514 807
Admissions and fees	3 584 293 (6%)	1 727 440 (18%)	14 785 962 (5%)	18 089 841 (10%)	38 187 535 (7%)
Accommodation	22 619 272 (37%)	3 152 617 (33%)	170 741 923 (57%)	68 245 173 (38%)	264 758 985 (48%)
Restaurants and bars	4 123 392 (7%)	150 254 (2%)	17 579 191 (6%)	15 171 612 (8%)	37 024 448 (7%)
Food	9 162 793 (15%)	1 322 696 (14%)	26 508 770 (9%)	27 741 656 (15%)	64 735 914 (12%)
Beverages	4 407 800 (7%)	636 026 (7%)	12 361 513 (4%)	10 211 251 (6%)	27 616 590 (5%)
Tobacco	358 367 (1%)	53 833 (<1%)	1 288 779 (<1%)	726 161 (<1%)	2 427 141 (<1%)
Clothing	812 415 (1%)	71 777 (1%)	4 492 511 (2%)	1 955 848 (1%)	7 332 550 (1%)
Transport to park^a	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Transport at park	10 441 923 (17%)	311 035 (3%)	26 626 869 (9%)	17 671 443 (10%)	55 051 270 (10%)
Activities	1 759 401 (3%)	562 255 (6%)	6 531 422 (2%)	7 642 458 (4%)	16 495 536 (3%)
Medicine	869 560 (1%)	28 711 (<1%)	2 026 975 (<1%)	1 736 653 (1%)	4 661 938 (<1%)
Toiletries	724 130 (1%)	57 821 (<1%)	2 192 649 (<1%)	754 873 (<1%)	3 729 473 (<1%)
Souvenirs/jewellery	1 541 799 (2%)	98 096 (1%)	3 931 216 (1%)	3 413 390 (2%)	8 984 501 (2%)
Tel/fax/Internet	766 117 (1%)	21 932 (<1%)	486 477 (<1%)	133 771 (<1%)	1 408 297 (<1%)
Other expenses	592 492 (1%)	1 250 121 (13%)	7 596 853 (3%)	5 825 424 (3%)	15 264 890 (3%)
Total	61 763 793	9 444 613	297 151 109	179 319 554	547 679 069
Source: Authors' own calculations based on visitor surveys.
^aTransport to the park is excluded from the analysis, since this expenditure is assumed to be a leakage.

Table 3: Foreign visitors' impact through production multipliers (ZAR, 2000 prices)

Sector	Direct impact^a	Indirect impact^b	Induced impact^c	Total impact^d	Percentage (total)
Day visitors
Agriculture	352 026.8	199 153.4	184 717.4	735 897.7	0.4%
Mining	177 206.9	80 907.6	122 886.2	381 000.7	0.2%
Manufacturing	9 552 139.5	6 844 895.4	4 409 665.4	20 806 700.3	11.7%
Electricity and water	11 867.4	4 135.3	4 012.2	20 014.9	0.0%
Construction	120 826.3	101 618.8	69 103.1	291 548.2	0.2%
Trade and accommodation	34 196 828.6	22 126 156.8	17 438 947.6	73 761 933.1	41.5%
Transport and communication	5 187 409.5	4 288 669.7	3 297 929.9	12 774 009.2	7.2%
Financial and business services	28 479 415.1	16 797 822.6	17 213 477.3	62 490 715.0	35.2%
Community services	3 180 333.6	1 967 820.8	1 317 977.4	6 466 131.8	3.6%
Total (in ZAR)	81 258 053.9	52 411 180.3	44 058 716.6	177 727 950.8	100.0%
Camping tourists
Agriculture	108 311.2	61 275.3	56 833.6	226 420.1	1.0%
Mining	18 607.7	8 495.7	12 903.7	40 007.1	0.2%
Manufacturing	1 373 084.1	997 483.9	635 039.1	3 005 607.2	13.3%
Electricity and water	2 162.4	753.5	731.1	3 646.9	0.0%
Construction	8 774.7	7 379.8	5 018.4	21 172.9	0.1%
Trade and accommodation	6 256 171.8	4 047 891.1	3 190 385.1	13 494 448.1	59.9%
Transport and communication	241 280.4	199 477.6	153 395.6	594 153.7	2.6%
Financial and business services	1 690 619.1	997 166.5	1 021 841.0	3 709 626.6	16.5%
Community services	712 119.8	440 621.7	295 113.0	1 447 854.5	6.4%
Total (in ZAR)	10 411 131.2	6 760 545.2	5 371 260.7	22 542 937.1	100.0%
Chalet tourists
Agriculture	2 271 672.9	1 285 161.7	1 192 004.6	4 748 839.2	1.0%
Mining	380 254.4	173 613.3	263 691.8	817 559.6	0.2%
Manufacturing	23 647 479.3	17 015 196.8	10 913 187.1	51 575 863.1	10.9%
Electricity and water	54 756.5	19 080.2	18 512.2	92 348.9	0.0%
Construction	134 184.5	112 853.5	76 743.0	323 781.0	0.1%
Trade and accommodation	155 401 848.0	100 548 670.8	79 248 421.4	335 198 940.2	71.1%
Transport and communication	12 513 684.3	10 345 637.6	7 955 657.6	30 814 979.5	6.5%
Financial and business services	18 760 951.5	11 065 646.3	11 339 460.9	41 166 058.6	8.7%
Community services	3 318 399.1	2 053 248.3	1 375 193.8	6 746 841.2	1.4%
Total (in ZAR)	216 483 230.6	142 619 108.4	112 382 872.3	471 485 211.4	100.0%
Source: Authors' own calculations based on multiplier analysis.
^aInitial expenditures (e.g. by day visitors) are generally called the direct costs of an activity and their effects on the economy are direct effects. ^bPurchases by suppliers (hotel and restaurant owners, charter operators, etc.) of the final goods and services of materials and supplies to sustain the original purchases are called indirect effects. ^cInduced effects occur when workers in the sectors stimulated by direct and indirect expenditures spend their additional income on consumer goods and services. ^dThe direct plus indirect plus induced effects equal the total effect.

Table 4: South African visitors' impact through production multipliers (ZAR, 2000 prices)

Sector	Direct impact	Indirect impact	Induced impact	Total impact	Percentage (total)
Day visitors
Agriculture	1 534 923.9	868 358.0	805 413.6	3 208 695.4	1.1%
Mining	209 808.9	95 792.8	145 494.4	451 096.1	0.2%
Manufacturing	18 516 906.6	12 667 825.7	8 485 498.3	39 670 230.5	13.8%
Electricity and water	14 517.6	5 058.7	4 908.2	24 484.5	0.0%
Construction	141 061.9	118 637.6	80 676.3	340 375.8	0.1%
Trade and accommodation	41 343 073.2	26 749 946.1	21 083 232.4	89 176 251.7	31.0%
Transport and communication	32 334 502.3	26 732 418.3	20 556 873.8	79 623 794.5	27.7%
Financial and business services	32 931 142.5	19 423 555.1	19 904 182.5	72 258 880.0	25.1%
Community services	1 495 486.5	925 327.3	619 751.8	3 040 565.6	1.1%
Total (in ZAR)	128 521 423.5	87 586 919.5	71 686 031.3	287 794 374.2	100.0%
Camping tourists
Agriculture	750 311.0	424 476.1	393 707.3	1 568 494.4	1.0%
Mining	116 977.7	53 408.7	81 119.5	251 506.0	0.2%
Manufacturing	8 210 415.4	5 892 639.7	3 783 831.4	17 886 886.5	11.3%
Electricity and water	18 135.6	6 319.4	6 131.3	30 586.4	0.0%
Construction	35 766.6	30 080.8	20 455.7	86 303.1	0.1%
Trade and accommodation	51 312 939.1	33 200 685.1	26 167 445.7	110 681 069.9	69.6%
Transport and communication	7 811 003.4	6 457 715.3	4 965 897.1	19 234 615.8	12.1%
Financial and business services	3 878 070.4	2 287 376.3	2 343 976.4	8 509 423.0	5.4%
Community services	337 507.5	208 831.6	139 868.1	686 207.2	0.4%
Total (in ZAR)	72 471 126.6	48 561 533.1	37 902 432.5	158 935 092.2	100.0%
Chalet tourists
Agriculture	2 170 716.0	1 228 046.9	1 139 029.9	4 537 792.9	0.5%
Mining	743 210.4	339 328.7	515 387.8	1 597 926.9	0.2%
Manufacturing	29 348 965.2	21 665 355.4	13 627 266.1	64 641 586.7	7.1%
Electricity and water	121 563.4	42 359.3	41 098.5	205 021.2	0.0%
Construction	200 166.7	168 346.5	114 479.6	482 992.7	0.1%
Trade and accommodation	344 367 494.3	222 813 912.7	175 612 971.5	742 794 378.5	82.1%
Transport and communication	19 100 788.3	15 791 499.1	12 143 452.6	47 035 740.0	5.2%
Financial and business services	15 622 559.5	9 214 549.5	9 442 559.6	34 279 668.6	3.8%
Community services	4 327 476.8	2 677 611.8	1 793 370.5	8 798 459.1	1.0%
Total (in ZAR)	416 002 940.5	273 941 010.0	214 429 615.9	904 373 566.4	100.0%
Source: Authors' own calculations based on multiplier analysis.

Table 5: Impact of concessionaires' fees through production multipliers (ZAR, 2000 prices)

Sector	Direct impact	Indirect impact	Induced impact	Total impact	Percentage (total)
Agriculture	211 844.4	119 847.5	111 160.2	442 852.1	0.7%
Mining	726 449.9	331 676.3	503 765.0	1 561 891.3	2.5%
Manufacturing	1 853 964.3	1 515 036.3	877 193.3	4 246 193.9	6.8%
Electricity and water	1 122 557.0	391 160.3	379 517.0	1 893 234.4	3.0%
Construction	2 587 774.3	2 176 400.3	1 480 003.2	6 244 177.7	10.0%
Trade and accommodation	264 061.2	170 853.8	134 660.1	569 575.2	0.9%
Transport and communication	533 623.4	441 170.9	339 254.6	1 314 048.9	2.1%
Financial and business services	20 023 816.6	11 810 513.5	12 102 759.5	43 937 089.7	70.0%
Community services	1 237 791.8	765 879.5	512 959.3	2 516 630.5	4.0%
Total (in ZAR)	28 561 882.9	17 722 538.6	16 441 272.1	62 725 693.6	100.0%
Source: Authors' own calculations based on multiplier analysis.

Table 6: Total impact of (day and overnight) visitor spending at the Kruger National Park on production in Limpopo and Mpumalanga

Sector	Foreign spending	RSA spending	Concession fees	Direct impact	Production multipliers^a	Total impact
Agriculture	2.732	4.456	0.212	7.400	2.090	15.469
Mining	0.576	1.070	0.726	2.373	2.150	5.101
Manufacturing	34.573	56.076	1.854	92.503	2.242	201.833
Electricity and water	0.069	0.154	1.123	1.346	1.687	2.269
Construction	0.264	0.377	2.588	3.229	2.413	7.790
Trade and accommodation	195.855	437.024	0.264	633.142	2.157	1365.677
Transport and communication	17.942	59.246	0.534	77.722	2.463	191.391
Financial and business services	48.931	52.432	20.024	121.387	2.194	266.351
Community services	7.211	6.160	1.238	14.609	2.067	29.703
Total (in ZAR)	308.152	616.995	28.562	953.710		2085.585
^aUnit is ZAR millions except for the variable ‘Production multipliers’.
Source: Authors' own calculations based on multiplier analysis.

Table 7: Impact of (day and overnight) visitor spending at the Kruger National Park on the income of Mpumalanga and Limpopo families

		Indirect and induced impacts (ZAR million)
Sector	Total impact (ZAR million)	Low-income households	Rest of the households	Total households	Percentage (total)
Agriculture	15.469	4.502	3.596	8.098	0.7%
Mining	5.101	1.453	2.122	3.575	0.3%
Manufacturing	201.833	49.899	41.932	91.831	8.3%
Electricity and water	2.269	0.380	0.388	0.768	0.1%
Construction	7.790	2.204	2.268	4.471	0.4%
Trade and accommodation	1365.677	334.768	364.552	699.320	63.5%
Transport and communication	191.391	63.878	57.747	121.625	11.0%
Financial and business services	266.351	79.272	79.647	158.919	14.4%
Community services	29.703	5.437	6.931	12.368	1.1%
Total	2085.585	541.793	559.184	1100.976	100.0%
Source: Authors' own calculations based on multiplier analysis.

Table 8: Impact at the level of employment

Sector	Total impact (ZAR million)	Labour multipliers^a	Equivalent jobs (number)
Agriculture	15.469	40.132	620.8
Mining	5.101	24.987	127.5
Manufacturing	201.833	4.208	849.3
Electricity and water	2.269	2.139	4.9
Construction	7.790	3.885	30.3
Trade and accommodation	1365.677	2.931	4002.8
Transport and communication	191.391	3.611	691.1
Financial and business services	266.351	3.394	904.0
Community services	29.703	2.970	88.2
Total	2085.585		≈7319
Source: Authors' own calculations based on multiplier analysis.
^aLabour multiplier indicates number of job opportunities that will be created as a result of changes in production of one million by a particular activity.

Table 9: Social impact statements

Social impact statement	Totally disagree	Partially disagree	Agree	Totally agree
The range of things to do in the area has increased	7%	26%	51%	16%
The number of people in the area has increased	5%	19%	53%	23%
Disruptive behaviour has increased	17%	39%	32%	12%
The pride that residents have in their community has improved	5%	20%	50%	25%
Crime levels have increased	17%	30%	35%	17%
Participation in community activities has increased	10%	26%	50%	14%
Opportunities to relax have increased	4%	17%	53%	26%
Opportunities to meet new people have increased	5%	19%	54%	22%
Excessive drinking and/or drug use has increased	19%	33%	34%	14%%
Funding for community activities has increased	15%	36%	40%	9%%
The rights of local residents have increased	10%	34%	44%	12%%
Roads and public facilities are better maintained	12%	26%	47%	15%
Interactions between locals and tourists have improved	8%	27%	52%	13%
Facilities available to local residents have improved	11%	33%	45%	11%
Social and moral values have improved	8%%	32%	48%	12%
Traffic congestion in the area has increased	7%%	28%	46%	19%
The KNP supports the community and culture of the area	3%	8%	55%	34%
The KNP provides the community the opportunity to visit a national park	4%	14%	55%	27%
The KNP leads to an increased awareness of nature and wildlife	4%	12%	54%	30%
The KNP disrupts the lives of local residents and causes them stress	30%	42%	20%	8%
The KNP brings too many people into the community	15%	36%	36%	13%
The KNP enhances the province's reputation as tourism destination	4%	8%	48%	40%
Friends and family visit me because of the KNP	15%	27%	42%	16%
Ordinary residents get no say in the planning and management of the KNP	11%	25%	41%	23%
The KNP promotes values that are good	3%	13%	65%	19%
The KNP is accessible for us as members of the community	4%	13%	58%	25%
The KNP has increased my interest in activities such as hiking, birding and so on	17%	25%	40%	18%
Employment opportunities in the area have increased	15%	27%	44%	14%
Property values in the area have increased	12%	24%	47%	17%
Prices of some goods and services have increased	6%	18%	45%	31%
The overall cost of living has increased	6%	18%	45%	31%
Opportunities for local business have increased	7%	25%	48%	20%
The number of tourists visiting the area has increased	5%	16%	48%	31%
Property prices have increased	8%	19%	49%	24%
More investors are focusing on development in the area	8%	26%	48%	18%
The turnover for local businesses has increased	9%	32%	43%	16%
The money that tourists spend in the KNP helps to stimulate the economy	5%	15%	49%	31%
The KNP promotes tourism and business development in the area	6%	18%	51%	25%
Source: Authors' own calculations based on community surveys.
Notes: KNP = Kruger National Park.

South Africa Rent . 2010 . Map of Kruger National Park . www.southafricarent.co.za/Media/Site/Pictures/limpopo-map.gif Accessed 25 March 2010

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