Inequity in inpatient healthcare utilisation 10 years after Apartheid

Figures & data

Figure 1: Two hypothetical concentration curves of actual inpatient healthcare utilisation

Table 1: Descriptive statistics – distribution of variables

			Total sample	Sample: use healthcare	Sample: do not use healthcare
	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Mean	Mean
Need variables
Age	18	101	37.24	37.90	37.06
Female	0	1	0.53	0.67***	0.50***
Health problems index 1	0	14.78	2.58	3.22***	2.40***
Health problems index 2	0	13.89	1.51	2.30***	1.28***
Non-need variables
Black	0	1	0.76	0.69***	0.78***
Education (years)	0	32	8.93	9.75***	8.69***
Consumption^a	0	45 000	1291.44	1196.45	1318.77
Employed	0	1	0.44	0.40	0.45
Married	0	1	0.40	0.45***	0.39***
Rural	0	1	0.39	0.43	0.38
Observations			1 609	376	1 233

Notes: Mean of sample of healthcare users differs significantly from mean of sample of non-users. *Significant at 10%, **significant at 5%, ***significant at 1%. ^aConsumption refers to total expenditures of a household spend (in Rands) in the four weeks preceding the survey adjusted with equivalence scale: 1 Rand = $0.08 to 0.16 (2002–03).

Figure 2: Concentration curves of inpatient healthcare utilisation, ranked from poorest to richest by consumption

Table 2: Inequalities in inpatient healthcare utilisation

	Lowest quintile (%)	Quintile 2 (%)	Quintile 3 (%)	Quintile 4 (%)	Highest quintile (%)	Total (%)	CI
Actual	20.6	19.1	21.5	23.1	26.8	22.3	0.070*
Need-predicted	21.9	23.8	22.7	22.3	21.2	22.3	–0.011
Indirectly standardised	21.1	17.7	21.1	23.1	27.9	22.3	0.083**

Notes: CI = concentration index. *CI is significant at 10%, **CI is significant at 5%, ***CI is significant at 1%.

Table 3: Decomposition of concentration index of inpatient healthcare utilisation

	Coefficients from LPM	Elasticity	CI	Contribution	Percentage contribution
Need variables
Age	0.001	0.197***	0.011***	0.002***	0.031***
Female	0.234***	0.558**	–0.036***	–0.020***	–0.285***
Age*female	–0.004**	–0.330***	–0.020***	0.007***	0.096***
Health problems index 1	0.014**	0.161***	–0.039***	–0.006***	–0.090***
Health problems index 2	0.036***	0.241***	0.021***	0.005***	0.073***
Non-need variables
Black	–0.116***	–0.394***	–0.074***	0.029***	0.420***
Education (years)	0.008***	0.308***	0.048***	0.015***	0.212***
Consumption	–3.90 × 10^–6*	–0.023***	0.703***	–0.016***	–0.228***

Notes: Bootstrapped standard errors using 500 replications. CI = concentration index. *Significant at 10%, **significant at 5%, ***significant at 1%.

Table S1: List of languages that are included within black and non-black populations

Black languages	Non-black languages
Chewa	Afrikaans
Ndebele	Chinese
Pedi	English
Shona	French
Sotho	German
Swati	Gujarati
Tsonga	Hindi
Tswana	Portuguese
Venda	Tamil
Xhosa	Telugu
Yoruba	Urdu
Zulu