Kenya's focus on urban vulnerability and resilience in the midst of urban transitions in Nairobi

Figures & data

Table 1. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics gender, household, area (km²) and density (people/km²) 2009 census data by sub-location.

	Nairobi
	Korogocho	Mukuru	Viwandani
Area (km^2)	0.22	8.11	5.71
Households	3 129	49 198	17 926
Density	46 136	16 082	7 859
Male	5 376	71 619	25 823
Female	5 000	58 782	19 058
Total	10 376	130 401	44 881

Table 2. Indicators being measured through IDSUE surveys (Concern Worldwide, 2015).

Livelihoods	Median monthly household income Food expenditure/household monthly income Per cent of households which depend on casual labour as a source of livelihood Proportion of female-headed households
Food security and nutrition	Household food insecurity (HFIAS) Per cent severe household hunger score (HHS) Household Dietary Diversity Score Per cent of children (age six to 59 months) reporting severe, moderate and at risk of acute malnutrition
Water, sanitation and hygiene	Average quantity of water used per person per day (litres) Per cent of households using 15 litres of water per person per day (SPHERE standards)
Health	Prevalence of illness in the last two weeks
Personal security	Per cent who experienced at least one shock in the last four weeks Proportion who felt unsafe/scared in the community in the last four weeks Per cent of those who have used avoidance measures due to insecurity Per cent of those who rated security as bad and very bad
Coping strategies	Proportion who had to remove their children from school due to lack of school fees Proportion who had taken an additional job, sold an asset, taken on additional debt/loans, resort to begging for money

Note: Details of these indicators are cited in other reports from Concern Worldwide (2014). The framework utilised for including indicators and the focus of this analysis builds on the conceptual work detailed by Frankenberg et al. (2013). This analysis explores dimensions of well-being and basic condition measures known as the initial vulnerability context. It also measures market price variability (inflation) and personal security as the nature of shocks and stresses. Finally, it explores community capacities that are absorptive and adaptive. Other dimensions of resilience analysis will be highlighted further in this article (under Sections 4.2 and 5).

Table 3. Dates and number of households sampled in Nairobi settlements.

Round	Nairobi
	Korogocho	Viwandani	Mukuru
5 (August 2012)	479	484	457
6 (February 2013)	563	628	631
7 (April 2013)	559	581	587
8 (November 2013)	585	582	N/A
9 (February 2014)	706	707	708

Table 4. Proportion (%) of children aged between six and 59 months at risk or with severe or moderate acute malnutrition.

Indicator	Settlement	August 2012	February 2013	April 2013	November 2013	February 2014
Severely food insecure (% by HFIAS)	Korogocho	45	66	69	66	65
	Viwandani	29	23	19	26	29
	Mukuru	44	55	46	–	34
Severely hungry (% by HHS)	Korogocho	4	7	7	12	6
	Viwandani	2	2	0	3	4
	Mukuru	4	4	3	–	4
Severe acute malnutrition (% SAM)	Korogocho	0.6	0.6	1.1	0.5	0.2
	Viwandani	1.1	0.4	0.4	0.0	0.3
	Mukuru	0.0	0.3	0.3	–	0.6
Moderate acute malnutrition (% MAM)	Korogocho	1.7	1.9	1.4	1.5	1.9
	Viwandani	1.6	0.9	0.8	1.9	1.2
	Mukuru	0.8	0.8	0.9	–	1.2
At risk	Korogocho	5.3	6.6	11.7	7.2*	9.5
	Viwandani	10.2	8.2	8.0	7.5	9.5
	Mukuru	8.0	8.8	5.2**	–	6.5

Notes: *Significant increase from August 2012 through November 2013 in Korogocho, χ² = 10.53, df = 3, p = 0.01.

**Significant decrease from August 2012 through April 2013 in Mukuru, χ² = 6.62, df = 2, p = 0.04.

Table 5. Urban population, target groups and acute malnutrition caseloads (2013).

	Nairobi (100% urban)	Kisumu (52% urban)	Mombasa (100% urban)
Total population of informal settlements	1 992 237	300 672	563 622
Children under five years old	258 996	64 173	44 102
Pregnant and lactating women	119 534	18 040	33 817
Severe acute malnutrition caseload	8 701	2 875	917

Source: Beyer et al. (2013:49).

Figure 1. Percentage coping strategies used by households Source: Concern Worldwide (2014, February).

Figure 2. Hotspot map of vulnerable areas in Korogocho, Nairobi Source: Concern Worldwide (2015).

Figure 3. Average household income per income quintile in each area Source: Concern Worldwide (2015). Note: Q1 = bottom quintile, Q2= second quintile, Q3 = middle quintile, Q4 = fourth quintile, Q5 = top quintile.

Table 6. Comparison of female-headed households vs. male-headed households.

	Korogocho		Mukuru		Viwandani
	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male
Average household income (KSH)	7 734*	10 327*	12 548*	14 363*	10 775*	14 566*
Per cent in lowest income quintile	31	17	32	20	37	18
Per cent spent on food (average)	100	84	71	62	75	59
Per cent spent on debts/loans (average)	41	26	45	33	19	17
Severely food insecure	74	60	50	42	36	23
Severe hunger	12	5	6	3	5	2

Note: *Average household income is significantly lower with women as the breadwinner in all geographic areas (p ≤ 0.05). KSH; Kenyan Shillings.

Table

	August 2012	February 2013	April 2013	November 2013	February 2014	Mean
Livelihoods
Average monthly household income (KSH)	9 507	10 667	10 186	10 082	12 963	10 681
Food expenditure as a percentage of income (%)	65	58	64	65	49	60
Households that depend on casual labour as a source of livelihood (%)	53	46	49	48	45	48
Proportion (%) of female breadwinners	23	24	24	29	22	24
Proportion (%) of breadwinner income per household income	93	92	92	93	92	93
Food security and nutrition
Households classified as moderately and severely food insecure by the HFIAS (%)	75	77	73	73	70	73
Households classified as moderately or severely hungry by the HHS (%)	29	34	28	33	26	30
Dietary diversity (average number of food groups consumed in one-week recall period)	6	6	6	5	7	6
Number of meals taken by children (under 18 years old) per day	3	3	3	3	3	3
Water and health
Proportion of households meeting 15 litres of water/person/day SPHERE standard	54	59	50	60	60	56
Prevalence of illness in the last two weeks (%)	43	43	43	42	47	44
Personal security
Households that reported at least one shock in the last four weeks (%)	9	11	16	17	17	14
Fire	10	6	4	10	6	7
Floods	17	15	36	27	21	23
Mugging	59	60	53	56	48	55
Harassment	0	0	0	0	26	5
Burglary	20	22	18	26	18	21
Eviction	4	8	3	15	8	7
Property destruction	6	5	3	9	14	7
Rape	0	1	1	2	2	1
Proportion (%) who often felt unsafe/scared in the community in the last four weeks	66	62	62	64	59	63
Proportion (%) who have often used avoidance measures in the last four weeks	57	55	57	59	54	56
Proportion (%) who rated security as bad and very bad	45	42	40	44	34	41
Coping strategies
Proportion (%) who used at least one coping strategy	70	70	61	51	72	65
Pulled children out of school	24	26	17	15	28	22
Family member moved out	7	13	13	4	8	9

Note: KSH; Kenyan Shillings.

Concern Worldwide, 2015. Indicator development for the surveillance of urban emergencies – IDSUE. Nairobi.

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Concern Worldwide, 2014. Indicator development for surveillance of urban emergencies. Year 3 Research Report – August 2012 to December 2013. Nairobi.

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Frankenberger, T, Mueller, M, Spangler, T & Alexander, S, 2013. Community resilience: Conceptual framework and measurement feed the future learning agenda. Westat, Rockville.

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