Community-based natural resource management: The role of social capital in collaborative environmental management of tribal resources in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location of study sites: Umzinyathi and Zululand.

Source: Cartographic Unit, Geography Department, University of the Witwatersrand.

Table 1. Scale assessment for social capital dimensions in the Gumbi and Zondi communities.

Constructs/dimensions	Item (variables/questions)	Specific construct measured	Cronbach’s alpha
Groups and networks: (structural social capital)	a: Do you belong to a particular conservation group in the community? b: Do you have close ties with Traditional leaders (i.e. chief)? c: Do you work closely with family members in conserving the community natural resources?	a: Linking social capital b: Bridging social capital c: Bonding social capital	0.91
Trust and solidarity (cognitive social capital)	d: Is there fairness of rules in the community? e: Are there official procedures in the management of the reserve? f: Are there dispute resolution procedures in the game reserve? g: Is there fairness in resource allocation? h: Is there openness in managing the game reserve?	d: Trust e: Solidarity f: Solidarity g: Trust and solidarity h: Trust and solidarity	0.94
Collective action and cooperation	i: Do you share similar values? j. Do you discuss the goals of the reserve together and share them? k: Are there any community organised activities? l: Is there any public service provisions from the reserve you are benefiting from?	i: Collective action j: Cooperation k: Collective action and cooperation I: Collective action	0.81
Social cohesion and inclusion (inclusion, sociability, and conflict)	m: Do you have harmonious relationships among community members? n: Is the social unity within the community? o: Have you been consulted/included in making decisions for the game reserve?	m: Social cohesion n: Social cohesion o: Social inclusion	0.95
	p: Is there any conflict on what is acceptable in managing the game reserve? q: Is there violence in managing the community game reserve?	p: Conflict q: Conflict	0.95
Information and communication	r: Is there open dialogue in managing the game reserve? s: Are there any mediums of communication (e.g. meetings)? t: Do you sometimes share information to leaders? u: Do you receive feedback in time?	r: Communication s: Communication t: Information u: Communication and information	0.97
Economic empowerment	v: Where (are) you employed at the game reserve? w: Is there any formal training you received since creation of the game reserve? x: Is there any business you are operating closer to the reserve?	v: Economic empowerment w: economic empowerment x: Economic empowerment	0.81

Source: Fieldwork-based material, 2015.

Table 2. Assessment of social capital dimensions in the Gumbi and Zondi communities.

Social capital dimensions	Item	Yes (%)
		Gumbi community (N = 30)	Zondi community (N = 23)
Groups and networks: bonding and social capital, bridging capital and linking social capital	1: Do you belong to a particular conservation group in the community? 2: Do you have close ties with Traditional leaders (i.e. chief)? 3: Do you work closely with family members in conserving the community natural resources?	0 60 87	0 8 74
Trust and solidarity	1: Is there fairness of rules in the community? 2: Are you aware of official procedures in the management of the reserve? 3: Are you aware of any dispute resolution procedures in the game reserve? 4: Is there fairness in resource allocation? 5: Is there openness in managing the game reserve?	30 83 53 46 57	7 5 5 5 0
Collective action and cooperation	1: Do you share similar values? 2: Do you discuss the goals of the reserve together and share them? 3: Are there any community organised activities? 4: Is there any public service provisions you are benefiting from the reserve?	73 10 40 47	75 0 25 0
Social cohesion and inclusion	1: Do you have harmonious relationships among community members? 2: Is the social unity within the community? 3: Have you been consulted/included in making decisions for the game reserve? 4: Is there any conflict on what is acceptable in managing the game reserve? 5: Is there violence in managing the community game reserve?	90 93 91 20 0	92 83 0 96 100
Information and communication	1: Is there open dialogue in managing the game reserve? 2: Are there any mediums of communication (e.g. meetings)? 3: Do you sometimes share information to leaders? 4: Do you receive feedback in time?	33 50 55 10	0 0 5 0
Economic empowerment	1: Were (are) you employed at the game reserve? 2: Is there any formal training you received since creation of the game reserve? 3: Is there any business you are operating closer to the reserve?	62 30 0	44 0 0

Source: Fieldwork-based material, 2015.

Table 3. Listing and ranking of important social capital variables affecting participation in Gumbi and Zondi CBNRM schemes.

Types of social capital	Gumbi community (SGR)			Zondi community (NGR)
	Frequency of citations (N = 30)	%	Ranking	Frequency of citations (N = 23)	%	Ranking
Trust and solidarity	28	22	1	23	19	1
Community networking	25	19	2	20	17	3
Collective action and cooperation	20	16	4	18	15	4
Social inclusion and cohesion	21	16	3	23	19	2
Information and communication	17	14	6	23	19	2
Economic empowerment	18	14	5	13	11	5
Total	129	100		120	100

Source: Fieldwork-based material, 2015.