The southern African poultry value chain: Corporate strategies, investments and agro-industrial policies

Figures & data

Table 1. Governance structures in the GVC framework.

Governance structure	Definition	Complexity	Codifiability	Capabilities
Market	Spot, repeated market-type inter-firm links	Low	High	High
Modular	Inter-firm links involving more specialised suppliers	High	High	High
Relational	Involves multiple interdependencies with close social ties	High	Low	High
Captive	One-way dependency of suppliers	High	High	Low
Hierarchy	Classic vertical integration	High	Low	Low

Source: Gereffi et al., 2005; Gibbon & Ponte, 2005

Figure 1. Poultry value chain (Source: Bagopi et al., 2014).

Table 2. Activities of main producers in South Africa, Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Company name	Revenue, 2015 (ZAR billions)	Activities and entities
RCL Foods / ZamBeef	9.1	Cobb 500 licence, SA Epol Feeds, SA Cobb Breed Zamchick JV, Zambia Novatek in Zambia (under Zambeef)
Astral Foods	11.3	Ross licence, SA Meadow Feeds, SA Tiger Chicks; Lohmann breed licence, Zambia Tiger Animal Feeds, Zambia
CBH Holdings	3.6^11	Arbor Acres licence, SA Nutrifeeds, SA Ross Africa licence (outside SA) Supreme Poultry
Quantum Foods	3.5	Formerly of Pioneer Foods Nova Feeds
Irvine’s Africa (subsidiary of Innscor Africa, Zimbabwe)	1.2^12	Profeeds and National Foods, Pro feeds (Zimbabwe)
Hybrid Poultry, Zambia		Cobb breed, co-owns a processing plant with Verino Agro-Industry limited
Tswana Pride, Botswana		Ross breed, Botswana Owned by Master Farmer, which has a stake in Nutri Feeds and Ross breeders

Sources: Company annual reports and interviews; Ncube et al. (2017)

Figure 2. Micro-level linkages in formal poultry value chain (South Africa and Botswana).

Figure 3. Micro-level linkages in a hybrid poultry value chain (Zambia and Zimbabwe).

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Ncube, P, Roberts, S, Zengeni, T & Samboko, P. C, 2017. Identifying growth opportunities in SADC through regional value chains: The case of the animal feed to poultry value chain. Working paper No. 2017/4. UNU-Wider, Helsinki. https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/wp2017-4.pdf Accessed 27 December 2017.

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