Remittances and child labour in Ghana: Does the gender of the household head matter?

Figures & data

Table 1. Remittances received by households.

Region	Contribution of remittances to household income (%)
Western	2.0
Central	1.2
Greater Accra	1.7
Volta	2.0
Eastern	2.7
Ashanti	3.0
Brong Ahafo	2.9
North	3.7
Upper East	2.0
Upper West	1.0

Source: GSS (2014).

Table 2. Definition and measurement of variables.

Variable	Definition	A priori sign
	Internal and international remittances	Negative
Gender_head	Binary variable to capture the gender of the household head	Indeterminate
	A variable interacting the gender of the household head with remittances	Indeterminate
	Number of migrants	Negative
	Binary variable to capture the location of the household	Indeterminate
	Household size (number of people living in a household	Negative
Employed	Dummy variable indicating whether the household head is engaged in economic activity or not	Negative
	Education of the household head	Negative
Agey	Age of the economic head of the household	Positive
	Number of jobs of the household head	Positive
	Household income excluding remittances	Negative
Region	Categorical variable to capture regional effects	Indeterminate

Sources: Compiled from literature and theories (2017) (Milligan, 2009; Amuedo-Dorantes & Pozo, 2010).

Table 3. Results of effects of remittances and gender of household head on child labour.

Dependent variable:	hours_chd
Variable	OLS	IV
(1)	(2)	(3)
	5.196*** (1.921)	−38.872** (16.795)
	−4.003*** (0.805)	−3.687*** (0.954)
	−3.720*** (1.428)	27.162** (11.783)
	22.734*** (7.867)	−139.544** (61.978)
	4.692*** (0.257)	4.576*** (0.305)
Agey	0.483*** (0.060)	0.457*** (0.071)
Employed	−20.983*** (3.810)	−16.484*** (4.789)
	3.304* (1.905)	−0.344 (2.629)
	1.629*** (0.055)	1.689*** (0.069)
	−4.586*** (1.292)	0.005 (2.304)
	−1.899 (1.817)	−2.574 (2.151)
	0.584 (1.747)	1.289 (2.071)
Region (base = Volta)
Western	−24.721*** (3.682)	−27.171*** (4.426)
Central	−22.766*** (4.747)	−23.836*** (5.594)
Greater Accra	−15.325** (6.094)	−1.899 (8.776)
Eastern	−25.396*** (3.238)	−25.006*** (3.809)
Ashanti	−27.676*** (3.231)	−24.305*** (4.005)
Brong Ahafo	−28.684*** (3.361)	−26.331*** (4.049)
Northern	−27.956*** (3.627)	−36.973*** (5.456)
Upper East	−28.022*** (4.035)	−25.359*** (4.848)
Upper West	−12.392*** (4.442)	−9.056* (5.371)
Constant	−0.746 (14.557)	221.75*** (85.750)
Sample size	1321	1321
Adjusted R-squared	0.647	0.513
Under identification		13.44
P-value of under identification		0.0620
Weak identification		74.36
P-value–Link test		0.000
(_hatsq)		0.11

*p < 0.10; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01.

Heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors in parentheses.

Source: Computed from GLSS 6, 2012–3.

Table 4. Results of weak identification test.

	Model hours_chd
Kleibergen–Paap Wald rk F statistic	74.36
Stock-Yogo weak ID test critical values:
10% Maximal IV size	16.38
15% Maximal IV size	8.96
20% Maximal IV size	6.66
25% Maximal IV size	5.53

Source: Computed from GLSS 6, 2012–3.

Milligan, MA, 2009. The welfare effects of international remittance income. Doctoral dissertation, The University of New Mexico.

 Google Scholar

Amuedo-Dorantes, C & Pozo, S, 2010. Accounting for remittance and migration effects on children’s schooling. World Development 38(12), 1747–59. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.05.008

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar