Multidimensional poverty in South Africa in 2001–16

Figures & data

Table 1. Dimensions, indicators, deprivation cut-offs and weights for the MPI.

Dimension	Indicator	Deprivation cut-off	Weighting scheme (I)	Weighting scheme (II)
Education	[A] Years of schooling	If no household member aged 15 years or above has completed 7 years of schooling	3.5/28	3/18
	[B] School attendance	If at least one child between the ages of 7–15 years is not attending an educational institution	3.5/28	3/18
Health	[C] Child mortality	If at least one child aged 0–4 years has passed away in the past year	3.5/28	3/18
	[D] Disability	If at least one household member is disabled	3.5/28	3/18
Standard of living	[E] Fuel for cooking	Using paraffin/wood/coal/dung/other/none	1/28	1/18
	[F] Water	There is no piped water in the dwelling or on stand	1/28	1/18
	[G] Sanitation type	No access to a flush toilet	1/28	1/18
	[H] Dwelling type	Living in an informal shack/traditional dwelling/caravan/tent/other	1/28	1/18
	[I] Refuse removal frequency	Refuse is removed less than once a week or there is no concrete refuse removal system	1/28	1/18
	[J] Asset ownership	Does not own more than one of the following: radio, television, fridge, computer, landline phone, cellular phone	1/28	1/18
	[K] Overcrowding	More than two people per room	1/28	N/A
Economic activity	[L] Unemployment	All household members aged 15 to 65 years are unemployed (narrow definition)	7/28	N/A

Source: Adapted from Santos & Alkire, 2011:6.

Figure 1. Proportion (%) of population deprived in each indicator. Source: Authors’ calculations using the Census 2001, CS 2007, Census 2011 and CS 2016 data.

Note: the 2016 deprivation proportions of indicators [K] (overcrowding) and [L] (unemployment) are not available.

Table 2. Multidimensional poverty by province, 2001–2016.

	2001			2007			2011			2016
	H	A	MPI	H	A	MPI	H	A	MPI	H	A	MPI
Weighting scheme (I)
Western Cape	0.0437	0.4312	0.0189	0.0171	0.4154	0.0071	0.0227	0.4119	0.0094
Eastern Cape	0.2992^∗	0.4223^∗	0.1263^∗	0.1486^∗	0.4021^∗	0.0598^∗	0.1407^∗	0.4009^∗	0.0564^∗
Northern Cape	0.0971^∗	0.4269^∗	0.0414^∗	0.0587^∗	0.4172^∗	0.0245^∗	0.0673^∗	0.4139^∗	0.0279^∗
Free State	0.1434^∗	0.4309	0.0618^∗	0.0520^∗	0.4117^∗	0.0214^∗	0.0517^∗	0.4155^∗	0.0215^∗
KwaZulu–Natal	0.2225^∗	0.4257^∗	0.0947^∗	0.1053^∗	0.4013^∗	0.0422^∗	0.0938^∗	0.4012^∗	0.0376^∗
North West	0.1777^∗	0.4481^∗	0.0796^∗	0.0895^∗	0.4168	0.0373^∗	0.0839^∗	0.4169^∗	0.0350^∗
Gauteng	0.0679^∗	0.4324	0.0294^∗	0.0329^∗	0.4197^∗	0.0138^∗	0.0326^∗	0.4179^∗	0.0136^∗
Mpumalanga	0.1574^∗	0.4246^∗	0.0668^∗	0.0694^∗	0.4089^∗	0.0284^∗	0.0629^∗	0.4113	0.0259^∗
Limpopo	0.1911^∗	0.4276^∗	0.0817^∗	0.0875^∗	0.4114^∗	0.0360^∗	0.0876^∗	0.4151^∗	0.0364^∗
Weighting scheme (II)
Western Cape	0.0716	0.4082	0.0292	0.0334	0.3795	0.0127	0.0371	0.3808	0.0141	0.0218	0.3683	0.0080
Eastern Cape	0.5007^∗	0.4569^∗	0.2288^∗	0.3315^∗	0.4222^∗	0.1399^∗	0.2940^∗	0.4248^∗	0.1249^∗	0.2103^∗	0.4096^∗	0.0861^∗
Northern Cape	0.1923^∗	0.4342^∗	0.0835^∗	0.1303^∗	0.4155^∗	0.0541^∗	0.1695^∗	0.4098^∗	0.0695^∗	0.1148^∗	0.3901^∗	0.0448^∗
Free State	0.2676^∗	0.4237^∗	0.1134^∗	0.0992^∗	0.4039^∗	0.0401^∗	0.0960^∗	0.4001^∗	0.0384^∗	0.0600^∗	0.3827^∗	0.0230^∗
KwaZulu–Natal	0.3873^∗	0.4508^∗	0.1746^∗	0.2462^∗	0.4178^∗	0.1029^∗	0.2229^∗	0.4148^∗	0.0925^∗	0.1598^∗	0.4005^∗	0.0640^∗
North West	0.3351^∗	0.4481^∗	0.1502^∗	0.1859^∗	0.4175^∗	0.0776^∗	0.2029^∗	0.4079^∗	0.0828^∗	0.1363^∗	0.3911^∗	0.0533^∗
Gauteng	0.0927^∗	0.4047	0.0375^∗	0.0576^∗	0.3880^∗	0.0223^∗	0.0470^∗	0.3895^∗	0.0183^∗	0.0435^∗	0.3782^∗	0.0165^∗
Mpumalanga	0.3250^∗	0.4319^∗	0.1404^∗	0.1573^∗	0.4033^∗	0.0634^∗	0.1587^∗	0.3947^∗	0.0627^∗	0.1133^∗	0.3847^∗	0.0436^∗
Limpopo	0.3913^∗	0.4329^∗	0.1694^∗	0.2018^∗	0.4026^∗	0.0813^∗	0.2497^∗	0.3888^∗	0.0971^∗	0.1620^∗	0.3848^∗	0.0623^∗

Source: Authors’ calculations using the Census 2001, CS 2007, Census 2011 and CS 2016 data.

^∗The value is statistically significant compared with that of the reference province category (Western Cape) at α = 5%.

Table 3. The 10 district councils with the greatest absolute decline in MPI.

Weighting scheme (I)
District council	MPI in 2001	MPI in 2011	Decrease	MPI Rank in 2011
OR Tambo	0.1931	0.0857	0.1075	50
uMzinyathi	0.1745	0.0726	0.1019	49
uMkhanyakude	0.1575	0.0579	0.0995	45
Zululand	0.1405	0.0451	0.0954	36
Alfred Nzo	0.1706	0.0913	0.0794	51
Joe Gqabi	0.1392	0.0626	0.0766	46
Harry Gwala	0.1434	0.0668	0.0766	48
Chris Hani	0.1379	0.0627	0.0752	47
Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati	0.1204	0.0495	0.0709	41
uThukela	0.1181	0.0472	0.0709	39
Weighting scheme (II)
District council	MPI in 2001	MPI in 2016	Decrease	MPI Rank in 2016
OR Tambo	0.3502	0.1484	0.2018	50
uMzinyathi	0.3203	0.1301	0.1902	49
uMkhanyakude	0.2980	0.1091	0.1888	46
Zululand	0.2736	0.0995	0.1741	43
Joe Gqabi	0.2597	0.0878	0.1719	41
Chris Hani	0.2566	0.0941	0.1625	42
Alfred Nzo	0.3277	0.1724	0.1553	51
King Cetshwayo	0.2323	0.0787	0.1537	37
uThukela	0.2281	0.0850	0.1432	39
iLembe	0.2293	0.0876	0.1417	40

Source: Authors’ calculations using the Census 2001, CS 2007, Census 2011 and CS 2016 data.

Figure 2. MPI decomposition (%) by province using weighting scheme (I), 2001–2011. Source: Authors’ calculations using the Census 2001, CS 2007 and Census 2011 data.

Figure 3. MPI decomposition (%) by province using weighting scheme (II), 2001–2016. Source: Authors’ calculations using the Census 2001, CS 2007, Census 2011 and CS 2016 data.

Table 4. MPI decomposition (%) by indicator, 2001–2011.

Dimension	Indicator	Weighting scheme (I)				Weighting scheme (II)
		Contribution to total weight	Contribution to MPI			Contribution to total weight	Contribution to MPI
			2001	2007	2011		2001	2007	2011	2016
Education	[A] Years of schooling	0.1250	14.35	12.49	10.51	0.1667	14.99	13.74	12.59	13.28
	[B] School attendance	0.1250	7.12	6.13	4.03	0.1667	6.99	6.76	4.61	5.33
Health	[C] Child mortality	0.1250	0.75	1.58	0.08	0.1667	0.80	1.76	0.09	0.80
	[D] Disability	0.1250	12.15	10.00	16.40	0.1667	15.41	14.36	25.25	23.60
	[E] Fuel for cooking	0.0357	7.54	7.22	6.14	0.0556	11.21	11.11	9.43	7.78
	[F] Water	0.0357	6.94	7.00	6.65	0.0556	10.32	10.85	10.50	10.97
	[G] Sanitation type	0.0357	7.62	8.00	7.73	0.0556	11.73	12.63	12.77	12.98
Standard of living	[H] Dwelling type	0.0357	5.86	6.23	5.40	0.0556	8.26	9.18	7.25	7.83
	[I] Refuse removal	0.0357	7.07	7.45	7.21	0.0556	11.15	12.09	12.30	12.73
	[J] Asset ownership	0.0357	6.62	5.11	3.99	0.0556	9.13	7.52	5.22	4.71
	[K] Overcrowding	0.0357	3.32	3.49	3.24	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Economic activity	[L] Unemployment	0.2500	20.65	25.31	28.62	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

Source: Authors’ calculations using the Census 2001, CS 2007, Census 2011 and CS 2016 data.

Table 5. MPI in each population quintile using weighting scheme (I), 2001–2011.

Income quintile	2001			2007			2011			Absolute change, 2001–2011
	H	A	MPI	H	A	MPI	H	A	MPI
Quintile 1	0.2817	0.4251	0.1197	0.1338	0.4142	0.0554	0.1318	0.4145	0.0546	0.0651
Quintile 2	0.2446	0.4303	0.1053	0.1090	0.4045	0.0441	0.1002	0.4029	0.0404	0.0649
Quintile 3	0.1664	0.4252	0.0708	0.0812	0.4047	0.0328	0.0675	0.4058	0.0274	0.0434
Quintile 4	0.0885	0.4248	0.0376	0.0417	0.3998	0.0167	0.0442	0.4043	0.0179	0.0197
Quintile 5	0.0253	0.4229	0.0107	0.0101	0.3992	0.0040	0.0065	0.3980	0.0026	0.0081
All	0.1663	0.4268	0.0710	0.0759	0.4073	0.0309	0.0707	0.4080	0.0288	0.0422
Income poverty headcount ratio	0.5462			0.4267			0.4424			0.1037

Source: Own calculations using the Census 2001, CS 2007 and Census 2011 data.

Figure 4. Proportion (%) of population in each poverty status category. Source: Authors’ calculations using the Census 2001, CS 2007 and Census 2011 data.

Table A1. Available information relating to the MPI indicators in the Censuses and Community Surveys, 1996–2016.

	Census 1996	Census 2001	CS 2007	Census 2011	CS 2016
Education
Education year	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Education attendance	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Labour market status
Labour narrow	✓	✓	✓	✓	^#
Labour broad		✓		✓	^#
Work status (Employee/employer)	✓	✓	✓
Occupation	✓	✓	✓	✓	^#
Industry	✓	✓	✓	✓	^#
Formal/informal sector			✓	✓	^#
Hours worked past week		✓
Health
Mortality	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Disability	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Public assets and services
Dwelling type	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Number of rooms	✓	✓	✓	✓
Roof material				✓
Floor material				✓
Water source	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Sanitation facility	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Access to electricity					✓
Fuel source for cooking	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Fuel source for heating	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Fuel source for lighting	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Refuse removal frequency	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Private assets
Landline telephone	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Cellular telephone	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Fridge		✓	✓	✓	✓
Stove				✓	✓
Washing machine				✓	✓
Computer		✓	✓	✓	✓
Vacuum cleaner				✓	✓
TV		✓	✓	✓	✓
Satellite dish				✓	✓
Car				✓	✓
Radio		✓	✓	✓	✓
Internet			✓	✓	✓
Post box			✓	✓
Social grant
Receipt of each type of social grant			✓		✓

^#All of the labour market-related data is not released by Statistics South Africa, despite the information being captured.

Table A2. Comparability of district councils across censuses and community surveys.

Province	Census 2001	CS 2007	Census 2011	CS 2016
Eastern Cape	Alfred Nzo	Alfred Nzo	Alfred Nzo	Alfred Nzo
KwaZulu–Natal	Amajuba	Amajuba	Amajuba	Amajuba
Eastern Cape	Amatole	Amatole	Amathole^a	Amathole^a
			Buffalo City^a	Buffalo City^a
North West	Bojanala	Bojanala	Bojanala	Bojanala
Western Cape	Boland	Boland	Boland	Cape Winelands
Limpopo	Capricorn	Capricorn	Capricorn	Capricorn
Western Cape	Central Karoo	Central Karoo	Central Karoo	Central Karoo
Eastern Cape	Chris Hani	Chris Hani	Chris Hani	Chris Hani
Western Cape	City of Cape Town	City of Cape Town	City of Cape Town	City of Cape Town
Gauteng	Johannesburg	Johannesburg	City of Johannesburg	City of Johannesburg
Gauteng	City of Tshwane^b	City of Tshwane^b	City of Tshwane	City of Tshwane
	Metsweding^b	Metsweding^b
North West	Southern	Southern	Dr Kenneth Kaunda	Dr Kenneth Kaunda
North West	Bophirima	Bophirima	Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati	Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati
Western Cape	Eden	Eden	Eden	Eden
Mpumalanga	Ehlanzeni	Ehlanzeni	Ehlanzeni	Ehlanzeni
Gauteng	East Rand	East Rand	Ekurhuleni	Ekurhuleni
KwaZulu–Natal	Durban	Durban	eThekwini	eThekwini
Free State	Northern Free State	Northern Free State	Fezile Dabi	Fezile Dabi
Northern Cape	Frances Baard	Frances Baard	Frances Baard	Frances Baard
Mpumalanga	Govan Mbeki	Govan Mbeki	Gert Sibande	Gert Sibande
KwaZulu–Natal	Sisonke	Sisonke	Sisonke	Harry Gwala
KwaZulu–Natal	iLembe	iLembe	iLembe	iLembe
Eastern Cape	Ukhahlamba	Ukhahlamba	Ukhahlamba	Joe Gqabi
Northern Cape	Kgalagadi	Kgalagadi	John Taolo Gaetsewe	John Taolo Gaetsewe
KwaZulu–Natal	Uthungulu	Uthungulu	Uthungulu	King Cetshwayo
Free State	Lejweleputswa	Lejweleputswa	Lejweleputswa	Lejweleputswa
Free State	Motheo	Motheo	Mangaung	Mangaung
Limpopo	Mopani^c	Mopani	Mopani	Mopani
	Bohlabela^c
Northern Cape	Namakwa	Namakwa	Namakwa	Namakwa
Eastern Cape	Port Elizabeth	Port Elizabeth	Nelson Mandela Bay	Nelson Mandela Bay
North West	Central	Central	Ngaka Modiri Molema	Ngaka Modiri Molema
Mpumalanga	Nkangala	Nkangala	Nkangala	Nkangala
Eastern Cape	OR Tambo	OR Tambo	OR Tambo	OR Tambo
Western Cape	Overberg	Overberg	Overberg	Overberg
Northern Cape	Karoo	Karoo	Pixley ka Seme	Pixley ka Seme
Eastern Cape	Cacadu	Cacadu	Cacadu	Sarah Baartman
Gauteng	Sedibeng	Sedibeng	Sedibeng	Sedibeng
Limpopo	Sekhukhune Cross	Greater Sekhukhune	Greater Sekhukhune	Sekhukhune
Free State	Thabo Mofutsanyana	Thabo Mofutsanyana	Thabo Mofutsanyana	Thabo Mofutsanyana
KwaZulu–Natal	Ugu	Ugu	Ugu	Ugu
KwaZulu–Natal	uMgungundlovu	uMgungundlovu	uMgungundlovu	uMgungundlovu
KwaZulu–Natal	uMkhanyakude	uMkhanyakude	uMkhanyakude	uMkhanyakude
KwaZulu–Natal	uMzinyathi	uMzinyathi	uMzinyathi	uMzinyathi
KwaZulu–Natal	Uthukela	Uthukela	Uthukela	Uthukela
Limpopo	Vhembe	Vhembe	Vhembe	Vhembe
Limpopo	Waterberg	Waterberg	Waterberg	Waterberg
Western Cape	West Coast	West Coast	West Coast	West Coast
Gauteng	West Rand	West Rand	West Rand	West Rand
Free State	Xhariep	Xhariep	Xhariep	Xhariep
Northern Cape	Siyanda	Siyanda	Siyanda	ZF Mgcawu
KwaZulu–Natal	Zululand	Zululand	Zululand	Zululand

^aIn the 2011 and 2016 data, Amathole and Buffalo City are integrated into one district council, Amathole, for consistent comparison with 2001 and 2007.

^bIn the 2001 and 2007 data, City of Tshwane and Metsweding are integrated into one district council, City of Tshwane, for consistent comparison with 2011 and 2016.

^cIn the 2001 data, Mopani and Bohlabela are integrated into one district council, Mopani, for consistent comparison with 2007, 2011 and 2016.

Table A3. Proportion of population (%) deprived in each indicator by gender, race and area type, 2001–2016.

	Male				Female				Urban				Rural
	2001	2007	2011	2016	2001	2007	2011	2016	2001	2007	2011	2016	2001	2007	2011	2016
[A]	12.68	7.66	6.61	5.22	15.20	8.05	7.26	5.64	7.77	N/A	4.33	3.82	21.61	N/A	11.22	8.51
[B]	6.06	4.07	2.49	2.09	7.71	5.05	3.36	3.03	4.57	N/A	2.47	2.24	9.68	N/A	3.57	3.06
[C]	0.61	0.76	0.04	0.25	0.97	1.31	0.06	0.41	0.51	N/A	0.04	0.22	1.11	N/A	0.08	0.52
[D]	16.51	9.20	17.56	12.03	20.30	11.78	24.07	17.64	14.81	N/A	16.95	12.87	22.59	N/A	26.38	17.95
[E]	42.67	29.44	20.75	12.94	57.45	41.67	28.89	17.94	27.49	N/A	9.94	6.42	77.44	N/A	48.73	32.37
[F]	36.27	28.30	23.98	22.85	49.50	40.74	33.86	30.52	17.54	N/A	9.90	9.13	74.05	N/A	59.56	59.90
[G]	46.11	40.12	37.44	33.95	61.17	56.41	51.18	46.18	22.68	N/A	15.26	13.32	91.84	N/A	91.29	90.59
[H]	28.99	26.37	19.95	18.37	36.30	31.60	22.88	21.07	22.39	N/A	15.63	14.42	45.01	N/A	30.75	29.69
[I]	43.74	38.43	36.52	36.74	56.74	51.78	48.31	46.70	13.73	N/A	12.02	16.44	95.89	N/A	91.96	89.67
[J]	30.35	14.60	10.23	7.10	42.23	20.65	13.06	8.12	22.30	N/A	7.81	5.76	52.91	N/A	17.70	11.08
[K]	19.69	19.19	13.52	N/A	24.90	24.48	18.25	N/A	18.66	N/A	12.80	N/A	26.34	N/A	20.40	N/A
[L]	6.83	4.12	4.99	N/A	9.01	6.38	6.56	N/A	8.22	N/A	5.84	N/A	7.24	N/A	5.43	N/A
	African				Coloured				Indian				White
	2001	2007	2011	2016	2001	2007	2011	2016	2001	2007	2011	2016	2001	2007	2011	2016
[A]	16.34	9.08	7.98	5.94	8.08	5.91	4.31	3.57	1.93	1.99	1.98	3.22	0.78	0.81	0.90	2.15
[B]	7.58	4.72	3.02	2.59	6.29	5.81	3.67	3.45	2.77	2.97	2.25	1.95	1.64	1.93	0.95	0.87
[C]	0.94	1.21	0.06	0.37	0.27	0.31	0.03	0.20	0.08	0.06	0.00	0.06	0.04	0.09	0.00	0.05
[D]	19.68	10.95	21.96	14.99	15.71	10.84	21.52	15.24	12.01	10.32	11.72	12.24	9.50	4.66	8.67	10.12
[E]	60.55	43.08	29.90	18.18	12.60	5.83	4.98	2.83	1.19	1.18	1.39	0.58	0.87	0.32	1.05	0.29
[F]	51.38	41.44	34.90	31.03	9.90	5.11	4.90	3.93	4.51	1.80	1.90	1.63	4.49	3.32	1.28	6.34
[G]	64.73	58.38	53.35	47.29	14.56	9.01	10.35	6.53	2.11	1.78	2.55	1.80	1.35	0.50	1.00	0.68
[H]	39.30	35.06	25.48	22.97	9.34	7.70	8.49	7.27	2.68	1.97	2.35	1.66	1.86	1.24	1.36	0.86
[I]	59.61	53.35	49.97	47.52	14.45	11.36	11.47	10.84	3.13	3.37	3.86	9.77	9.59	8.64	9.82	14.77
[J]	42.61	20.69	13.52	8.60	18.85	8.62	7.12	4.78	2.14	1.19	1.13	1.27	1.17	0.43	0.52	0.89
[K]	25.17	24.63	17.90	N/A	20.82	20.27	14.07	N/A	3.83	4.71	2.30	N/A	0.99	1.09	0.61	N/A
[L]	9.33	6.05	6.69	N/A	3.34	2.58	2.97	N/A	1.25	1.05	1.15	N/A	0.73	0.56	0.74	N/A

Source: Authors’ calculations using the Census 2001, CS 2007, Census 2011 and CS 2016 data.

Table A4. Proportion of population (%) deprived in each indicator by province, 2001–2016.

	Western Cape				Eastern Cape				Northern Cape				Free State				KwaZulu–Natal
	2001	2007	2011	2016	2001	2007	2011	2016	2001	2007	2011	2016	2001	2007	2011	2016	2001	2007	2011	2016
[A]	6.21	4.20	3.38	2.96	20.41	11.22	10.37	8.09	17.76	11.44	10.06	6.72	14.38	8.88	7.30	5.78	15.02	7.84	7.34	5.11
[B]	4.81	4.47	2.71	2.65	9.26	5.44	3.33	2.76	7.06	5.62	3.81	3.38	5.29	2.44	2.22	1.91	9.45	6.00	4.78	3.57
[C]	0.21	0.26	0.01	0.12	0.84	1.06	0.06	0.35	0.62	0.83	0.07	0.43	0.84	0.97	0.06	0.30	1.27	1.75	0.08	0.43
[D]	13.70	7.82	16.66	11.91	21.94	13.98	24.67	17.40	18.32	12.04	30.36	20.01	21.32	11.97	25.63	18.88	19.96	13.13	21.96	17.82
[E]	15.85	6.11	4.38	1.98	71.60	55.34	35.81	20.83	32.75	18.24	14.40	9.27	50.46	23.19	11.59	6.24	54.00	41.91	31.94	19.11
[F]	13.11	7.97	9.29	9.10	66.33	60.47	53.81	49.77	16.87	20.12	21.70	22.52	28.85	12.33	10.18	8.91	56.39	46.20	39.52	36.80
[G]	12.20	6.90	8.92	5.57	70.65	65.91	60.15	55.12	32.80	33.68	34.04	31.18	55.73	42.68	33.53	28.28	65.04	63.07	60.99	59.98
[H]	16.73	14.47	15.72	14.57	51.85	48.46	39.17	35.72	15.55	16.20	16.12	15.43	32.66	25.74	18.17	15.98	43.16	42.43	30.12	29.43
[I]	11.63	9.40	9.44	11.75	66.99	66.85	62.30	60.04	27.37	28.18	33.95	37.82	42.88	25.51	28.72	30.28	58.87	57.08	55.35	58.65
[J]	17.76	7.98	6.71	4.21	55.32	31.38	20.35	14.07	33.77	17.98	14.18	10.76	34.12	14.75	8.56	5.71	41.40	20.74	14.45	8.96
[K]	19.41	22.55	13.49	N/A	28.65	25.04	25.02	N/A	23.95	22.46	15.30	N/A	20.94	17.25	10.69	N/A	24.01	24.95	21.19	N/A
[L]	4.58	3.05	4.05	N/A	8.38	5.42	5.78	N/A	5.62	4.26	4.36	N/A	9.00	6.45	6.71	N/A	7.96	4.47	4.95	N/A
	North West				Gauteng				Mpumalanga				Limpopo				South Africa
	2001	2007	2011	2016	2001	2007	2011	2016	2001	2007	2011	2016	2001	2007	2011	2016	2001	2007	2011	2016
[A]	17.19	12.88	11.19	7.64	7.10	4.77	3.76	3.76	15.82	8.44	7.93	5.98	16.62	8.65	8.16	7.71	13.80	7.83	6.90	5.41
[B]	8.81	4.69	3.11	2.68	3.79	3.57	1.81	1.87	6.15	3.58	2.46	2.67	5.47	3.71	1.71	1.84	6.80	4.49	2.88	2.52
[C]	0.84	1.19	0.08	0.53	0.43	0.57	0.02	0.21	1.09	1.33	0.05	0.42	0.62	0.77	0.05	0.40	0.77	1.00	0.05	0.32
[D]	20.95	10.89	25.15	15.75	11.97	6.16	13.61	11.39	20.69	10.41	20.56	14.52	19.62	9.71	23.99	12.96	18.20	10.32	20.46	14.59
[E]	54.08	34.65	21.88	13.01	23.49	15.95	10.56	7.87	60.67	46.98	31.45	20.74	76.43	63.39	53.55	40.11	49.25	34.72	24.38	15.22
[F]	48.97	38.73	31.37	36.71	14.63	11.61	8.65	8.38	42.15	32.77	28.94	26.56	63.86	59.09	49.98	52.63	42.16	33.67	28.39	26.35
[G]	67.65	57.72	55.75	53.00	16.85	15.69	13.04	12.38	65.66	64.48	60.79	57.56	87.31	84.74	82.32	80.41	52.81	47.16	43.57	39.54
[H]	25.78	27.64	21.03	18.95	22.89	22.42	16.43	15.38	28.96	19.80	14.16	13.49	26.15	14.56	8.43	10.02	32.24	28.63	21.26	19.60
[I]	65.46	48.84	52.71	44.86	14.65	13.99	10.67	14.90	65.00	63.23	61.31	62.80	88.55	85.33	82.12	80.64	49.52	44.20	41.78	41.29
[J]	33.62	17.65	13.00	8.60	20.53	10.38	7.31	6.05	33.31	13.34	8.90	5.89	45.30	19.62	11.72	6.86	35.64	17.21	11.49	7.57
[K]	20.25	21.68	14.13	N/A	17.57	18.60	12.79	N/A	18.38	17.96	9.67	N/A	23.46	19.61	10.88	N/A	22.01	21.48	15.63	N/A
[L]	7.71	5.67	5.84	N/A	8.88	5.75	6.27	N/A	7.08	5.04	5.90	N/A	7.87	5.72	6.85	N/A	7.79	5.10	5.69	N/A

Source: Authors’ calculations using the Census 2001, CS 2007, Census 2011 and CS 2016 data.

Table A5. Proportion of population (%) deprived in each indicator by district council, 2001.

District council	[A]	[B]	[C]	[D]	[E]	[F]	[G]	[H]	[I]	[J]	[K]	[L]
Alfred Nzo	24.4	9.2	1.4	24.8	91.8	92.8	97.9	75.8	97.5	71.0	26.4	8.7
Amajuba	9.2	8.1	1.4	26.9	54.8	53.6	56.8	23.1	49.0	30.6	24.3	8.8
Amathole & Buffalo City	16.4	6.8	0.4	20.3	71.1	65.9	66.6	49.2	63.4	50.2	29.2	9.9
Bojanala	13.0	6.0	0.6	15.9	49.7	48.8	75.5	31.3	74.7	29.2	17.6	8.3
Cape Winelands	9.4	5.8	0.2	17.1	14.3	12.0	12.9	13.5	28.4	22.1	23.4	2.5
Capricorn	13.0	4.4	0.6	19.6	70.4	59.4	85.1	15.8	85.5	42.8	22.2	7.3
Central Karoo	15.6	8.9	0.3	26.6	30.9	5.5	13.2	3.7	17.3	31.8	24.5	5.3
Chris Hani	24.6	8.8	0.7	27.4	79.2	70.4	79.5	49.2	75.7	58.4	32.2	7.5
City of Cape Town	4.0	4.2	0.2	12.5	15.0	13.4	10.5	18.8	4.6	14.5	17.5	5.4
City of Johannesburg	6.5	3.7	0.4	11.8	17.1	13.9	14.1	19.5	7.7	19.2	21.0	9.2
City of Tshwane	6.5	3.7	0.4	11.3	28.8	20.4	31.2	23.9	24.7	18.2	12.3	6.4
Dr Kenneth Kaunda	15.3	7.1	0.9	19.9	47.9	21.6	37.1	31.8	23.0	29.8	17.0	7.4
Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati	28.8	14.6	1.2	29.8	66.6	65.7	77.4	20.7	74.3	46.3	27.1	6.3
Eden	10.1	5.7	0.2	16.8	22.7	15.7	19.6	16.0	17.9	24.6	22.8	4.1
Ehlanzeni	18.7	6.8	1.0	18.9	54.9	50.2	78.4	19.2	77.2	38.2	24.9	6.6
Ekurhuleni	7.6	4.0	0.5	11.9	31.2	15.7	15.2	26.5	10.2	23.6	17.2	10.4
eThekwini	7.3	5.6	0.7	13.8	25.2	29.6	38.1	26.4	18.0	23.4	20.7	9.0
Fezile Dabi	13.4	4.4	0.8	21.5	47.9	15.1	38.3	27.6	36.7	28.8	13.3	8.2
Frances Baard	15.6	6.2	0.6	22.1	36.0	16.0	26.4	17.7	25.7	28.5	21.5	6.8
Gert Sibande	17.0	7.2	1.7	22.1	73.2	42.9	55.1	46.8	52.3	38.7	15.9	7.3
Harry Gwala	21.9	11.4	1.1	21.9	83.8	68.7	79.6	68.0	82.0	67.5	28.3	9.4
iLembe	18.6	10.6	1.5	21.4	61.9	71.6	80.3	57.9	81.6	49.8	26.9	6.7
Joe Gqabi	25.3	10.0	0.9	26.0	82.7	74.2	87.5	41.5	78.1	65.0	36.7	7.5
John Taolo Gaetsewe	24.0	10.1	1.5	26.9	63.8	75.9	81.2	27.4	83.7	46.8	26.2	4.8
King Cetshwayo	18.2	12.5	1.6	20.4	63.2	70.7	81.5	53.5	83.6	49.6	28.3	7.0
Lejweleputswa	16.0	6.4	1.0	19.6	50.1	27.5	53.9	37.1	29.8	36.4	21.2	10.5
Mangaung	11.6	4.2	0.6	19.4	37.7	29.1	53.3	26.2	41.9	28.3	24.3	8.1
Mopani	20.6	6.9	0.7	19.1	78.9	63.3	88.9	28.7	90.2	44.2	23.8	8.2
Namakwa	12.7	3.4	0.3	16.9	17.1	12.0	39.2	9.2	21.7	30.7	20.9	5.1
Nelson Mandela Bay	5.5	4.8	0.2	16.3	30.4	16.8	17.0	21.1	12.3	25.4	16.0	9.2
Ngaka Modiri Molema	21.8	13.0	1.0	25.6	59.0	60.5	77.1	18.1	80.1	38.0	24.5	6.9
Nkangala	12.4	4.7	0.6	20.9	53.2	30.3	58.9	23.2	61.4	24.6	14.8	7.4
OR Tambo	29.7	14.7	1.7	22.6	89.7	93.5	94.3	75.0	95.0	74.2	34.7	7.5
Overberg	10.1	5.6	0.2	11.4	16.4	13.3	15.3	15.2	21.9	22.0	19.7	4.0
Pixley ka Seme	25.5	10.5	0.9	16.9	37.5	17.9	47.7	13.9	26.3	37.9	27.6	6.1
Sarah Baartman	16.8	8.3	0.3	21.4	46.6	24.7	51.2	22.9	29.9	35.3	21.4	5.9
Sedibeng	8.0	3.7	0.5	16.5	20.4	11.2	15.6	17.3	51.0	21.6	14.7	9.7
Sekhukhune	16.4	5.5	0.6	22.3	81.4	81.7	95.9	22.2	95.8	48.9	21.9	6.8
Thabo Mofutsanyana	14.2	5.1	1.0	24.2	63.8	40.2	74.9	40.7	61.8	39.5	21.3	9.2
Ugu	20.7	11.3	1.4	21.7	70.0	82.6	83.3	50.7	86.6	51.4	28.5	6.4
uMgungundlovu	12.0	7.2	1.1	17.4	45.9	39.6	60.2	40.6	60.7	35.8	16.6	8.7
uMkhanyakude	25.1	17.2	1.5	23.9	83.2	88.3	92.2	56.3	96.3	61.0	33.6	6.4
uMzinyathi	31.1	15.2	1.5	22.5	83.6	82.6	85.0	65.7	86.8	67.2	25.2	7.4
Uthukela	16.7	10.4	2.0	25.9	72.8	69.8	78.9	51.8	77.3	45.7	21.3	8.4
Vhembe	14.3	3.7	0.4	18.3	80.0	60.1	89.7	37.0	91.2	45.9	23.8	9.3
Waterberg	18.4	7.6	0.8	20.5	65.3	53.7	69.5	23.4	74.1	42.3	25.7	6.1
West Coast	11.2	6.2	0.3	12.5	12.6	9.4	14.0	7.9	28.7	24.5	23.8	2.1
West Rand	11.4	5.5	0.7	12.9	32.9	18.1	23.9	28.8	21.3	26.5	20.4	9.0
Xhariep	25.8	9.4	0.5	23.8	56.4	17.9	31.4	18.3	31.0	42.5	24.7	7.4
ZF Mgcawu	15.8	7.4	0.7	16.7	30.4	19.3	30.2	15.4	34.2	39.0	27.3	4.3
Zululand	20.0	11.7	2.2	29.6	78.8	76.9	85.9	54.9	85.3	57.4	27.5	6.6

Source: Authors’ calculations using the Census 2001 data.

Table A6. Proportion of population (%) deprived in each indicator by district council, 2016.

District council	[A]	[B]	[C]	[D]	[E]	[F]	[G]	[H]	[I]	[J]	[K]^a	[L]^a
Alfred Nzo	10.1	2.6	0.8	23.5	49.8	85.7	95.9	58.9	95.4	27.7	30.6	5.0
Amajuba	3.0	3.1	0.5	17.5	13.4	12.6	50.3	17.0	50.8	6.0	19.6	5.4
Amathole	7.1	2.1	0.2	15.9	17.3	49.5	51.5	35.4	61.5	12.5	27.9	6.4
Bojanala	6.0	2.2	0.4	12.5	12.3	34.3	61.1	25.5	40.5	7.3	12.2	6.5
Cape Winelands	3.5	4.8	0.1	11.9	3.4	10.3	3.5	15.5	16.5	5.4	15.7	2.3
Capricorn	7.3	1.8	0.3	12.2	22.7	36.3	73.8	6.1	73.6	5.4	8.9	6.9
Central Karoo	5.8	3.6	0.5	20.7	5.1	4.0	2.6	1.2	6.9	8.6	17.3	4.3
Chris Hani	12.5	3.8	0.3	17.6	12.8	54.1	64.4	42.7	71.5	11.6	31.3	5.6
City of Cape Town	2.4	2.2	0.1	11.0	1.2	9.6	6.0	15.3	10.8	3.4	12.1	4.6
City of Johannesburg	3.4	1.9	0.2	10.7	6.2	6.1	8.4	15.1	12.8	5.9	15.2	6.0
City of Tshwane	3.7	1.9	0.2	10.8	6.8	9.7	21.6	15.4	20.7	4.5	9.1	5.4
Dr Kenneth Kaunda	7.1	2.3	0.4	16.2	8.6	8.4	10.3	12.4	18.9	6.9	10.7	6.0
Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati	11.9	3.6	1.1	23.8	16.7	60.6	63.1	9.0	66.4	12.1	18.0	5.1
Eden	4.1	2.6	0.2	14.4	3.7	6.9	6.2	12.5	10.3	5.2	15.9	4.1
Ehlanzeni	7.0	3.0	0.4	13.4	18.1	39.9	80.7	6.5	80.3	3.8	9.9	6.6
Ekurhuleni	4.0	1.7	0.2	12.1	10.8	9.2	10.5	15.6	12.4	7.7	13.1	7.3
eThekwini	3.5	3.3	0.2	15.1	4.5	13.8	29.7	17.9	24.2	4.7	15.7	6.0
Fezile Dabi	6.4	2.3	0.3	17.6	6.0	6.0	18.2	13.4	16.5	6.3	6.7	7.3
Frances Baard	5.0	2.6	0.2	15.8	5.7	11.4	15.1	14.8	28.8	8.8	12.8	5.4
Gert Sibande	5.8	2.6	0.6	16.4	28.4	16.9	34.2	21.5	47.4	7.7	10.7	5.5
Harry Gwala	9.8	3.4	0.7	17.7	43.0	68.2	82.3	61.7	79.8	18.7	22.8	4.5
iLembe	6.0	2.5	0.5	19.2	23.0	61.0	78.7	27.4	72.1	13.4	24.5	4.5
Joe Gqabi	10.4	2.9	0.2	14.0	21.4	55.0	67.3	31.1	66.8	18.9	24.6	5.8
John Taolo Gaetsewe	7.9	3.6	0.6	25.9	18.2	64.2	72.1	16.7	78.7	11.6	17.3	4.0
King Cetshwayo	5.7	4.1	0.3	19.7	20.3	33.8	75.7	32.9	78.5	7.3	29.9	4.1
Lejweleputswa	4.8	1.9	0.4	19.5	4.7	6.6	16.6	16.4	26.7	5.7	11.4	7.6
Mangaung	5.3	1.7	0.2	18.2	3.6	8.9	32.8	12.1	21.3	4.4	11.5	5.6
Mopani	9.2	1.5	0.3	11.6	51.3	55.6	85.4	8.8	85.5	6.5	11.0	6.8
Namakwa	5.3	2.9	0.1	23.8	4.0	4.2	18.5	4.4	14.4	7.5	13.4	3.4
Nelson Mandela Bay	2.7	2.2	0.1	13.6	4.0	5.9	6.2	6.8	14.8	4.3	8.8	7.1
Ngaka Modiri Molema	9.1	3.4	0.7	17.6	16.2	53.2	68.1	16.8	64.1	10.8	18.3	5.0
Nkangala	4.9	2.4	0.3	14.3	17.8	17.8	47.8	15.6	53.6	7.0	8.5	5.3
OR Tambo	11.2	3.7	0.6	20.1	34.4	84.4	92.5	59.0	93.4	20.0	33.2	4.7
Overberg	5.0	2.9	0.2	12.6	3.5	9.3	4.0	15.3	12.3	4.9	13.6	3.1
Pixley ka Seme	11.0	4.0	0.4	22.5	8.0	10.9	18.9	10.4	23.8	12.4	17.6	4.6
Sarah Baartman	7.2	2.6	0.2	17.8	6.1	13.7	17.3	11.5	14.9	8.5	13.1	4.6
Sedibeng	4.0	2.1	0.2	13.1	4.7	6.3	7.5	11.6	12.3	4.5	9.6	6.8
Sekhukhune	7.2	2.4	0.5	15.8	35.4	68.4	94.2	11.2	92.4	8.2	10.0	8.1
Thabo Mofutsanyana	5.8	1.7	0.3	19.8	10.5	13.3	44.2	22.0	52.2	5.9	11.7	6.9
Ugu	6.7	4.7	0.4	21.3	23.4	69.6	80.3	42.3	84.2	13.4	22.2	4.5
uMgungundlovu	3.9	3.9	0.5	14.5	9.8	20.8	56.4	24.8	61.9	6.2	14.2	5.2
uMkhanyakude	6.9	4.4	0.3	17.1	51.9	72.5	93.9	31.6	97.5	17.7	30.6	4.1
uMzinyathi	11.0	3.8	0.7	20.0	42.1	65.4	82.8	55.0	84.3	16.3	28.2	3.8
Uthukela	4.3	3.6	1.1	21.4	29.2	49.9	75.4	32.8	73.7	8.6	23.3	4.4
Vhembe	7.9	1.7	0.3	11.7	57.6	60.6	84.3	13.1	85.7	6.3	13.3	6.5
Waterberg	6.3	1.9	0.6	14.7	26.6	36.9	54.4	11.6	56.6	9.1	11.0	5.4
West Coast	3.8	2.9	0.1	14.5	2.6	6.4	6.2	11.1	13.9	7.2	18.5	2.9
West Rand	4.8	2.0	0.3	12.8	13.0	15.9	14.2	20.1	18.6	7.5	15.6	6.6
Xhariep	11.1	2.0	0.2	19.2	5.9	7.4	12.4	11.6	29.9	9.5	11.7	5.9
ZF Mgcawu	5.3	4.2	0.8	16.4	8.6	12.2	27.4	24.4	29.4	13.2	16.4	3.3
Zululand	5.3	3.5	0.6	24.3	27.1	53.2	84.5	43.2	82.5	10.5	26.7	3.8

Source: Authors’ calculations using the Census 2011 and CS 2016 data.

^aAs the 2016 results on overcrowding and unemployment are not available, the 2011 results are shown instead.

Table A7. Multidimensional poverty by gender, race and area type, 2001–2016.

		2001			2007			2011			2016
		H	A	MPI	H	A	MPI	H	A	MPI	H	A	MPI
Weighting scheme (I)
Gender	Male	0.1392	0.4265	0.0594	0.0621	0.4065	0.0252	0.0570	0.4081	0.0233	N/A
	Female	0.2003^∗	0.4271	0.0855^∗	0.0940^∗	0.4080^∗	0.0384^∗	0.0876^∗	0.4079	0.0357^∗
Race	African	0.2052	0.4271	0.0876	0.0935	0.4073	0.0381	0.0861	0.4079	0.0351
	Coloured	0.0381**	0.4174**	0.0159**	0.0177**	0.4102**	0.0072**	0.0208**	0.4106**	0.0085**
	Indian	0.0033**	0.3987**	0.0013**	0.0035**	0.3889**	0.0013**	0.0043**	0.4092**	0.0018**
	White	0.0017**	0.4047**	0.0007**	0.0012**	0.4145**	0.0005**	0.0013**	0.3984**	0.0005**
Area type	Urban	0.0783	0.4354	0.0341	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.0351	0.4163	0.0146
	Rural	0.2805***	0.4238***	0.1189***	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.1307***	0.4043***	0.0528***
All		0.1663	0.4268	0.0710	0.0759	0.4073	0.0309	0.0707	0.4080	0.0288
Weighting scheme (II)
Gender	Male	0.2512	0.4403	0.1106	0.1401	0.4135	0.0579	0.1292	0.4050	0.0523	0.0863	0.3908	0.0337
	Female	0.3502^∗	0.4440^∗	0.1555^∗	0.2015^∗	0.4113^∗	0.0829^∗	0.1937^∗	0.4092^∗	0.0792^∗	0.1310^∗	0.3961^∗	0.0519^∗
Race	African	0.3619	0.4431	0.1603	0.2043	0.4130	0.0844	0.1921	0.4078	0.0783	0.1261	0.3944	0.0497
	Coloured	0.0838**	0.4181**	0.0350**	0.0456**	0.3939**	0.0180**	0.0483**	0.3946**	0.0190**	0.0279**	0.3798**	0.0106**
	Indian	0.0128**	0.3657**	0.0047**	0.0129**	0.3690**	0.0048**	0.0119**	0.3755**	0.0045**	0.0117**	0.3544**	0.0042**
	White	0.0050**	0.3734**	0.0019**	0.0041**	0.3760**	0.0015**	0.0041**	0.3660**	0.0015**	0.0057**	0.3460**	0.0020**
Area type	Urban	0.1138	0.4155	0.0473	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.0542	0.3935	0.0213	0.0411	0.3790	0.0156
	Rural	0.5304***	0.4497***	0.2385***	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.3328***	0.4111***	0.1368***	0.2344***	0.3988***	0.0935***
All		0.2952	0.4422	0.1306	0.1666	0.4124	0.0687	0.1580	0.4073	0.0643	0.1067	0.3938	0.0420

Source: Authors’ calculations using the Census 2001, CS 2007, Census 2011 and CS 2016 data.

^∗The value is statistically significant compared with that of the reference gender category (male) at α = 5%.

**The value is statistically significant compared with that of the reference race category (African) at α = 5%.

***The value is statistically significant compared with that of the reference area type category (urban) at α = 5%.

Table A8. MPI and income poverty by district council using weighting scheme (I), 2001–2011.

District council	2001		2007		2011
	MPI	Rank	MPI	Rank	MPI	Rank	Income poverty	Rank
Alfred Nzo	0.1706	49	0.0703	45	0.0913	51	0.7213	50
Amajuba	0.0753	29	0.0292	26	0.0264	25	0.5891	38
Amathole	0.1104	37	0.0579	39	0.0534	43	0.5343	29
Bojanala	0.0619	24	0.0255	24	0.0277	28	0.3641	13
Cape Winelands	0.0154	2	0.0042	1	0.0064	2	0.2855	6
Capricorn	0.0666	25	0.0302	29	0.0292	31	0.5461	31
Central Karoo	0.0233	6	0.0072	4	0.0122	7	0.4099	16
Chris Hani	0.1379	44	0.0757	46	0.0627	47	0.6084	41
City of Cape Town	0.0194	3	0.0080	6	0.0096	5	0.2853	5
City of Johannesburg	0.0256	8	0.0110	8	0.0096	4	0.2630	3
City of Tshwane	0.0292	9	0.0151	13	0.0133	8	0.2620	2
Dr Kenneth Kaunda	0.0539	21	0.0245	23	0.0193	17	0.4388	21
Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati	0.1204	42	0.0537	36	0.0495	41	0.6067	40
Eden	0.0240	7	0.0068	3	0.0135	9	0.3420	10
Ehlanzeni	0.0723	28	0.0295	28	0.0290	30	0.5484	32
Ekurhuleni	0.0349	12	0.0147	12	0.0169	13	0.2948	7
eThekwini	0.0438	16	0.0175	15	0.0171	14	0.3646	14
Fezile Dabi	0.0451	17	1.1202	51	0.0190	16	0.4543	23
Frances Baard	0.0435	15	0.0221	18	0.0264	24	0.4361	20
Gert Sibande	0.0800	32	0.3191	50	0.0283	29	0.4855	26
Harry Gwala	0.1434	47	0.0689	43	0.0668	48	0.6603	46
iLembe	0.1122	39	0.0546	37	0.0459	37	0.5634	35
Joe Gqabi	0.1392	45	0.0799	47	0.0626	46	0.6032	39
John Taolo Gaetsewe	0.1118	38	0.0475	35	0.0483	40	0.5400	30
King Cetshwayo	0.1159	40	0.0459	33	0.0471	38	0.5859	37
Lejweleputswa	0.0680	26	0.0202	17	0.0215	20	0.4690	25
Mangaung	0.0506	19	0.0170	14	0.0173	15	0.3627	12
Mopani	0.0925	35	0.0378	32	0.0390	34	0.6202	43
Namakwa	0.0199	4	0.0080	7	0.0113	6	0.3209	9
Nelson Mandela Bay	0.0335	11	0.0141	11	0.0153	11	0.4112	17
Ngaka Modiri Molema	0.1005	36	0.0606	42	0.0529	42	0.5622	34
Nkangala	0.0507	20	0.0240	22	0.0197	18	0.4156	18
OR Tambo	0.1931	51	0.0839	48	0.0857	50	0.7105	49
Overberg	0.0204	5	0.0073	5	0.0090	3	0.2728	4
Pixley ka Seme	0.0548	22	0.0235	20	0.0247	23	0.4453	22
Sarah Baartman	0.0460	18	0.0132	9	0.0160	12	0.4214	19
Sedibeng	0.0328	10	0.0136	10	0.0136	10	0.3599	11
Sekhukhune	0.0810	33	0.0465	34	0.0447	35	0.6422	44
Thabo Mofutsanyana	0.0777	31	0.0335	30	0.0268	26	0.5496	33
Ugu	0.1245	43	0.0700	44	0.0570	44	0.5827	36
uMgungundlovu	0.0694	27	0.0294	27	0.0294	32	0.4558	24
uMkhanyakude	0.1575	48	0.0604	41	0.0579	45	0.7252	51
uMzinyathi	0.1745	50	0.0860	49	0.0726	49	0.7057	48
Uthukela	0.1181	41	0.0570	38	0.0472	39	0.6540	45
Vhembe	0.0839	34	0.0356	31	0.0384	33	0.6164	42
Waterberg	0.0763	30	0.0265	25	0.0271	27	0.4876	27
West Coast	0.0101	1	0.0044	2	0.0057	1	0.2455	1
West Rand	0.0426	14	0.0223	19	0.0235	22	0.3032	8
Xhariep	0.0594	23	0.0237	21	0.0233	21	0.4983	28
ZF Mgcawu	0.0376	13	0.0200	16	0.0201	19	0.3732	15
Zululand	0.1405	46	0.0591	40	0.0451	36	0.7054	47

Source: Authors’ calculations using the Census 2011, CS 2007 and Census 2011 data.

Table A9. MPI by district council using weighting scheme (II), 2001–2016.

District council	2001		2007		2011		2016
	MPI	Rank	MPI	Rank	MPI	Rank	MPI	Rank
Alfred Nzo	0.3277	50	0.1762	48	0.2120	51	0.1724	51
Amajuba	0.1374	27	0.0704	30	0.0639	27	0.0330	23
Amathole	0.1951	36	0.1263	38	0.1151	35	0.0725	35
Bojanala	0.1221	25	0.0559	24	0.0591	26	0.0393	27
Cape Winelands	0.0382	5	0.0176	5	0.0159	4	0.0084	2
Capricorn	0.1409	28	0.0671	29	0.0773	31	0.0439	29
Central Karoo	0.0600	13	0.0208	8	0.0261	11	0.0139	9
Chris Hani	0.2566	44	0.1587	44	0.1410	42	0.0941	42
City of Cape Town	0.0229	1	0.0107	2	0.0114	2	0.0071	1
City of Johannesburg	0.0279	2	0.0139	4	0.0100	1	0.0120	6
City of Tshwane	0.0502	10	0.0330	15	0.0225	9	0.0168	11
Dr Kenneth Kaunda	0.0979	19	0.0449	20	0.0366	18	0.0243	18
Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati	0.2355	42	0.1278	40	0.1434	43	0.1045	44
Eden	0.0467	9	0.0198	6	0.0249	10	0.0095	3
Ehlanzeni	0.1493	29	0.0663	28	0.0707	29	0.0476	31
Ekurhuleni	0.0429	7	0.0224	12	0.0220	8	0.0212	16
eThekwini	0.0586	12	0.0288	13	0.0262	12	0.0191	14
Fezile Dabi	0.0834	17	0.0222	11	0.0319	15	0.0150	10
Frances Baard	0.0812	16	0.0413	19	0.0490	22	0.0258	19
Gert Sibande	0.1635	32	0.0740	31	0.0694	28	0.0463	30
Harry Gwala	0.2714	46	0.1900	49	0.1770	48	0.1298	48
iLembe	0.2293	39	0.1394	41	0.1187	37	0.0876	40
Joe Gqabi	0.2597	45	0.1671	47	0.1467	44	0.0878	41
John Taolo Gaetsewe	0.2314	40	0.1196	37	0.1492	45	0.1084	45
King Cetshwayo	0.2323	41	0.1265	39	0.1156	36	0.0787	37
Lejweleputswa	0.1171	23	0.0366	18	0.0336	16	0.0197	15
Mangaung	0.0896	18	0.0293	14	0.0287	13	0.0183	13
Mopani	0.1857	34	0.0884	34	0.1040	34	0.0683	34
Namakwa	0.0530	11	0.0199	7	0.0290	14	0.0175	12
Nelson Mandela Bay	0.0421	6	0.0214	10	0.0194	7	0.0103	5
Ngaka Modiri Molema	0.1985	37	0.1196	36	0.1295	40	0.0790	38
Nkangala	0.1077	22	0.0511	23	0.0467	21	0.0364	26
OR Tambo	0.3502	51	0.2210	51	0.1966	50	0.1484	50
Overberg	0.0351	4	0.0132	3	0.0181	6	0.0121	7
Pixley ka Seme	0.1054	21	0.0477	22	0.0543	24	0.0331	24
Sarah Baartman	0.1014	20	0.0338	16	0.0389	19	0.0240	17
Sedibeng	0.0443	8	0.0209	9	0.0162	5	0.0128	8
Sekhukhune	0.1868	35	0.1031	35	0.1210	38	0.0776	36
Thabo Mofutsanyana	0.1504	30	0.0633	27	0.0549	25	0.0354	25
Ugu	0.2464	43	0.1561	43	0.1500	46	0.1142	47
uMgungundlovu	0.1312	26	0.0742	32	0.0749	30	0.0407	28
uMkhanyakude	0.2980	48	0.1635	46	0.1597	47	0.1091	46
uMzinyathi	0.3203	49	0.1990	50	0.1799	49	0.1301	49
Uthukela	0.2281	38	0.1468	42	0.1255	39	0.0850	39
Vhembe	0.1674	33	0.0796	33	0.0990	33	0.0659	33
Waterberg	0.1616	31	0.0617	26	0.0790	32	0.0550	32
West Coast	0.0350	3	0.0103	1	0.0157	3	0.0098	4
West Rand	0.0642	14	0.0339	17	0.0363	17	0.0263	20
Xhariep	0.1204	24	0.0586	25	0.0453	20	0.0269	21
ZF Mgcawu	0.0806	15	0.0461	21	0.0526	23	0.0270	22
Zululand	0.2736	47	0.1621	45	0.1322	41	0.0995	43

Source: Authors’ calculations using the Census 2011, CS 2007, Census 2011 and CS 2016 data.

Table A10. The 10 least and 10 most deprived municipalities in 2011 (using weighting scheme (I)) and 2016 (using weighting scheme (II)).

10 municipalities with the lowest MPI					10 municipalities with the highest MPI
Municipality	Province	H	A	MPI	Municipality	Province	H	A	MPI
Census 2011 (using weighting scheme (I))
Laingsburg	Western Cape	0.0087	0.4176	0.0036	Ntabankulu	Eastern Cape	0.2910	0.3892	0.1132
Saldanha Bay	Western Cape	0.0093	0.3969	0.0037	Mbhashe	Eastern Cape	0.2819	0.3924	0.1106
Bergrivier	Western Cape	0.0099	0.3788	0.0038	Engcobo	Eastern Cape	0.2699	0.4002	0.1080
Cape Agulhas	Western Cape	0.0102	0.3993	0.0041	Mbizana	Eastern Cape	0.2677	0.3958	0.1060
Swartland	Western Cape	0.0114	0.4054	0.0046	Msinga	KwaZulu–Natal	0.2666	0.3952	0.1054
Hessequa	Western Cape	0.0126	0.3966	0.0050	Intsika Yethu	Eastern Cape	0.2592	0.4003	0.1038
Witzenberg	Western Cape	0.0126	0.4108	0.0052	Port St Johns	Eastern Cape	0.2606	0.3930	0.1024
Drakenstein	Western Cape	0.0128	0.4078	0.0052	Vulamehlo	KwaZulu–Natal	0.2517	0.3968	0.0999
Nama Khoi	Northern Cape	0.0132	0.4029	0.0053	Ngquza Hill	Eastern Cape	0.2469	0.4035	0.0996
Langeberg	Western Cape	0.0155	0.4066	0.0063	Nyandeni	Eastern Cape	0.2481	0.3906	0.0969
CS 2016 (using weighting scheme (II))
Bergrivier	Western Cape	0.0070	0.3635	0.0025	Ntabankulu	Eastern Cape	0.5137	0.4140	0.2127
Swartland	Western Cape	0.0129	0.3499	0.0045	Port St Johns	Eastern Cape	0.4589	0.4578	0.2101
Drakenstein	Western Cape	0.0162	0.3485	0.0056	Umzumbe	KwaZulu–Natal	0.4642	0.4271	0.1983
Overstrand	Western Cape	0.0153	0.3822	0.0059	Mbizana	Eastern Cape	0.4706	0.4196	0.1974
Mossel Bay	Western Cape	0.0167	0.3714	0.0062	Joe Morolong	Northern Cape	0.4795	0.3989	0.1913
City of Cape Town	Western Cape	0.0194	0.3673	0.0071	Msinga	KwaZulu–Natal	0.4552	0.4173	0.1900
Witzenberg	Western Cape	0.0202	0.3672	0.0074	Ratlou	North West	0.4482	0.4072	0.1825
Knysna	Western Cape	0.0202	0.3669	0.0074	Ubuhlebezwe	KwaZulu–Natal	0.4184	0.4176	0.1747
Bitou	Western Cape	0.0216	0.3546	0.0077	Engcobo	Eastern Cape	0.3904	0.4285	0.1673
George	Western Cape	0.0212	0.3724	0.0079	Mbhashe	Eastern Cape	0.3885	0.4205	0.1634

Source: Authors’ calculations using the Census 2011 and CS 2016 data.

Table A11. MPI decomposition (%) by gender, race, area type and province, 2001–2016.

		Population share				MPI contribution – weighting scheme (I)			MPI contribution – weighting scheme (II)
		2001	2007	2011	2016	2001	2007	2011	2001	2007	2011	2016
Gender	Male	55.53	56.82	55.37	54.33	46.42	46.41	44.69	47.03	47.92	45.03	43.59
	Female	44.47	43.18	44.63	45.67	53.57	53.59	55.31	52.96	52.08	54.97	56.41
Race	African	79.30	79.31	79.53	82.27	97.87	97.75	96.87	97.38	97.40	96.82	97.35
	Coloured	8.91	8.45	8.80	8.30	1.99	1.98	2.60	2.39	2.21	2.60	2.09
	Indian	2.63	2.54	2.50	2.09	0.05	0.11	0.15	0.09	0.18	0.17	0.21
	White	9.16	9.7	8.75	7.33	0.09	0.16	0.16	0.13	0.22	0.21	0.35
Area type	Urban	56.44	N/A	62.76	66.07	27.08	N/A	31.77	20.43	N/A	20.81	24.51
	Rural	43.56	N/A	37.24	33.93	72.92	N/A	68.23	79.56	N/A	79.19	75.48
Province	Western Cape	9.93	10.60	11.18	11.23	2.64	2.44	3.63	2.22	1.95	2.45	2.14
	Eastern Cape	14.55	13.49	12.60	10.52	25.89	26.08	24.64	25.50	27.48	24.46	21.56
	Northern Cape	1.83	2.13	2.21	2.31	1.07	1.69	2.13	1.17	1.68	2.39	2.46
	Free State	6.21	5.70	5.53	5.50	5.40	3.95	4.12	5.39	3.32	3.30	3.00
	KwaZulu–Natal	20.91	20.82	19.48	18.28	27.89	28.46	25.43	27.96	31.18	27.99	27.84
	North West	8.19	6.67	6.96	7.34	9.18	8.05	8.44	9.42	7.54	8.95	9.31
	Gauteng	19.73	22.32	23.54	26.85	8.16	9.98	11.11	5.67	7.26	6.69	10.52
	Mpumalanga	6.89	7.79	7.76	7.86	6.49	7.15	6.96	7.41	7.19	7.56	8.15
	Limpopo	11.76	10.47	10.74	10.13	13.54	12.19	13.54	15.26	12.39	16.21	15.02

Source: Authors’ calculations using the Census 2001, CS 2007, Census 2011 and CS 2016 data.

Santos, ME & Alkire, S, 2011. Training material for producing national human development reports: the multidimensional poverty Index (MPI). http://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/MPI_TrainingMaterial_23Nov2011.pdf Assessed 13 June 2017.

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