Gender equality in labour force participation, economic growth and development in South Africa

Figures & data

Figure 1. Female-to-male LFP, log of real GDP and economic growth, 2008–18.

Table 1. ADF, PP and KPSS test results.

	ADF		PP		KPSS
	I(0)	I(1)	I(0)	I(1)	I(0)	I(1)
LRGDP	−0.95	−4.54**	−0.74	−4.62**	0.80**	0.13
FMLFP	−1.29	−4.21**	−1.03	−9.17**	0.78**	0.13

Note: The table presents the results from the ADF, PP and KPSS tests with an intercept for LRGDP and FMLFP in levels (I(0)) and first differences (I(1)). The critical values for the ADF and PP tests are from MacKinnon (1996) and from Kwiatkowski et al. (1992) for the KPSS test. *and **indicate significance at the 5% and 1% levels respectively.

Table 2. AIC results for the optimal lag length of the ARDL models.

Dependent Variable: ΔFMLFP		Dependent Variable: g
Model Order	AIC	Model Order	AIC
(1,1)	−7.03	(1,0)	1.40
(2,1)	−7.02	(1,1)	1.45
(3,1)	−6.98	(2,0)	1.45

Note: The table presents the three model orders with the lowest AIC for the following two ARDL models:$\mathrm{\Delta }FMLF{P}_t={\lambda }_0+\sum _{i=1}^n{\lambda }_{1i}\mathrm{\Delta }FMLF{P}_{t-i}+\sum _{i=0}^n{\lambda }_{2i}\mathrm{\Delta }LRGD{P}_{t-i}+{\lambda }_{3}LRGD{P}_{t-1}+{\lambda }_{4}FsMLF{P}_{t-1}+v_t$ $g_t={\phi }_0+\sum _{i=1}^n{\phi }_{1i}{g}_{t-i}+\sum _{i=0}^n{\phi }_{2i}\mathrm{\Delta }FMLF{P}_{t-i}+v_t$

Table 3. Coefficient estimates from the regression of economic development on the FMLFP ratio.

	Coefficient	Test Statistic
Panel A: Long Run Model
${\alpha }_0$	−6.90**	−11.33
${\alpha }_1$	0.27**	12.63
Panel B: ECM
${\lambda }_0$	−5.08**	−5.22
${\lambda }_{11}$	0.19	1.39
${\lambda }_{20}$	−0.28	−1.87
$\tau$	−0.74**	−5.23

Notes: Panel A presents the coefficient estimates from the long run equation:$FMLF{P}_t={\alpha }_0+{\alpha }_{1}LRGD{P}_t+{\epsilon }_t$

Panel B presents the coefficient estimates from the ECM:$\mathrm{\Delta }FMLF{P}_t={\lambda }_0+{\lambda }_{11}\mathrm{\Delta }FMLF{P}_{t-1}+{\lambda }_{20}\mathrm{\Delta }LRGD{P}_t+\tau EC{T}_{t-1}+v_t$

* and ** indicate significance at the 5% and 1% levels respectively.

Table 4. Coefficient estimates from the regression of changes in the FMLFP ratio on economic growth.

	Coefficient	Test Statistic
${\phi }_0$	0.22*	2.23
${\phi }_{11}$	0.41**	2.77
${\phi }_{20}$	−20.05	−1.59

The table presents the coefficient estimates from the ARDL equation:$g_t={\phi }_0+{\phi }_{11}{g}_{t-1}+{\phi }_{20}\mathrm{\Delta }FMLF{P}_t+v_t$

* and ** indicate significance at the 5% and 1% levels respectively.

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