Changing socio-ecologies of Kalahari: Local perceptions towards environmental change and tourism in Kgalagadi, Botswana

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map showing Kang and Macheng villages (Hukuntsi, Lehututu, Tshane and Lokgwabe). Source: Data: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency OpenStreetMap & MapCruzin. Map: Ms Outi Kivelä, Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu.

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of survey respondents (N = 289).

	N	Total (%)	Kang (%)	Macheng villages (%)	χ²	df	p
Gender	280				0.265	1	.607
Female		63.2	61.7	64.6
Male		36.8	38.3	35.4
Age	279				8.348	3	.039
16–30		42.7	46.2	39.5
31–40		27.2	31.8	23.1
41–50		12.5	9.8	15
>50		17.6	12.1	22.4
Educational level	275				3.124	3	.373
Primary		23.3	19.5	26.5
Secondary		51.3	51.6	51
Tertiary		13.5	14.1	12.9
Other		12	14.8	9.5
Household monthly income (in Pula)	270				19.32	4	.001
0–1000		50.0	55.8	44.7
1001–2500		21.9	19.4	24.1
2501–5000		14.4	19.4	9.9
5001–10 000		9.6	3.1	15.6
>10 000		4.1	2.3	5.7
Years of residency	277				14.92	4	.005
<5		16.6	21.1	12.5
5–9		5.1	3	6.9
10–24		27.8	33.8	22.2
25–49		38.6	35.3	41.7
≥50		11.9	6.8	16.7
Family size	279				3.481	3	.323
<3		11.5	14.5	8.8
3–6		47	43.5	50
7–9		20.8	22.9	18.9
≥10		20.8	19.1	22.3
Head of the household	280				5.504	2	.064
Father		53.2	54.1	52.4
Mother		34.6	38.3	31.3
Other		12.1	7.5	16.3

Notes: Values in bold correspond to cells with a statistically significantly higher or lower proportion.

Table 2. Local perceptions and preferences towards livelihoods options now and in future (N = 289).

	N	Total (%)	Kang (%)	Macheng Villages (%)
Have you experienced any changes in environment during the last 5 years?	280
Yes		49.1	48.5	49.7
No		50.9	51.5	50.3
If Yes. main changes:	134
Weather changes		17.9
Erratic rainfall		9.7
Soil degradation		8.2
Drought		6.7
The main current economic activity	278
Farming		80.9	83.8	77.7
Self-employed		3.2	2	4.6
Self-help		8.3	6.1	10.8
Formal employed		2.5	1.4	3.8
Other		5	6.8	3.1
The main economic activity in future	246
Farming		58.9	61.4	56.3
Piece jobs		7.3	7.9	6.7
Pension		2.8	2.4	3.4
Formal employment		1.6	0.8	2.5
Vending		3.7	4.7	2.5
Nothing		6.9	8.7	5
Other		18.7	14.2	23.5
Have you received tourism-related income during the past year	280
Yes		1.8	1.3	2.3
No		98.2	98.7	97.7
Have any of your household members received tourism-related income during the past year	280
Yes		2.5	0.7	4.5
No		97.5	99.3	95.5

Table 3. Local tourism knowledge and perceptions (N = 289).

	N	Total (%)	Kang (%)	Macheng villages (%)	χ^2-tests
					χ^2	df	p
Have seen tourists in the Village	277				0.576	1	.448
Yes		39.0	36.6	41.1
No		61.0	63.4	58.9
The amount of tourists should	273				2.395	1	.122
increase		92.7	95	90.2
decrease/ stay the same		7.3	5	9.8
Are there tourism-related benefits for the Community?	274				6.633	1	.010
Yes		41.6	49.6	34.3
No		58.4	50.4	65.7
If yes. the benefits are:	64
Infrastructure development		31.3
Income generation		28.1
Employment creation		25.0
Development of livelihoods		6.3
Other		9.4
Tourism benefits mainly	276				8.181	4	.085
Government		36.2	30.3	41.7
Local community		41.7	43.9	39.6
Botswana outside the village		6.9	9.8	4.2
Foreigners and businesses		11.6	13.6	9.7
Other		3.6	2.3	4.9

Notes: Values in bold correspond to cells with a significantly higher or lower proportion.