The role of regional value chains in fostering regional integration in Southern Africa

Figures & data

Figure 1. SADC share of world trade.

Notes: Regions are Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), East African Community (EAC) and Southern African Development Community (SADC). South African exports to Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and eSwatini are estimated for the 2000–2009 period using their average share in total South African exports over the 2010 and 2011 period. Shares are based on the aggregated value of trade for the region. Source: Author’s illustrations based on IMF DOTS, accessed January 2019.

Table 1. Intra-Southern African exports as share of total exports.

	Share intra- SADC exports in total exports (%)		Proportion intra- SADC exports destined for South Africa (%)
	2000	2017	2000	2017
Angola	0	4	19	100
Botswana	11	14	57	68
Comoros	1	5	7	2
Lesotho	28	34	99	95
Madagascar	3	6	9	44
Mozambique	36	21	41	87
Mauritius	7	18	9	50
Malawi	18	34	49	20
Namibia	32	42	76	52
eSwatini	73	93	77	99
Seychelles	3	5	58	41
Tanzania	7	27	31	65
South Africa	25	23
DR Congo	42	42	74	74
Zambia	39	17	63	34
Zimbabwe	17	79	51	61
SADC^a	20	22	65	70

Note: ^aThe proportion of intra-SADC exports sold to South Africa excludes exports by South Africa to the region.

Source: Author’s calculations using IMF DOTS, accessed January 2019.

Table 2. Intra-Southern African imports as share of total imports.

	Share intra-SADC imports in total imports (%)		Proportion intra-SADC imports sourced from South Africa (%)
	2000	2017	2000	2017
Angola	13	7	84	88
Botswana	77	73	95	88
Comoros	13	16	69	8
Lesotho	77	68	100	98
Madagascar	6	9	68	59
Mozambique	51	31	96	90
Mauritius	17	12	86	70
Malawi	53	35	77	58
Namibia	87	67	99	83
eSwatini	93	83	99	97
Seychelles	14	9	81	66
Tanzania	13	7	87	74
South Africa	1	7
DR Congo	37	37	49	49
Zambia	69	58	83	48
Zimbabwe	49	74	77	63
SADC^a	20	22	88	71

Note:

^a The proportion of intra-SADC imports sourced from South Africa excludes imports from the region by South Africa.

Source: Author’s calculations using IMF DOTS, accessed January 2019.

Figure 2. Composition of intra- and extra-SADC trade in goods 2015 (%).

Notes: Mirror data is used for Comoros, Lesotho & eSwatini. The SITC Revision 2 product 667 (Pearls, Precious and Semi-Prec. Stones) is included in Ores & Metals to reflect the commodity nature of this product. Share composition based on total value of SADC trade. Source: Author’s calculations using UNComtrade data.

Figure 3. GVC participation decomposed into forward and backward integration 2015.

Note: Backward integration is calculated as the foreign value added share in gross exports. Forward integration is calculated as the domestic value added embodied in intermediate inputs used in other country exports as a share of gross exports. Values reflect the average across countries within each group. Source: Author’s calculations using the UNCTAD-Eora Global Value Chain Database.

Figure 4. Backward integration into SADC and rest of world by SADC country, 2015.

Notes: SACU denotes Southern African Customs Union, RSADC denotes SADC excluding South Africa and ROW denotes rest of world. The data for Zimbabwe has been excluded as it shows unrealistic levels of integration, that are also apparent when looking at the disaggregated product data. Source: Author’s calculations using the UNCTAD-Eora Global Value Chain Database.

Table 3. Apparel exports from selected SSA countries to the US and EU (US$m).

	2000	2002	2004	2006	2008	2010	2012	2014	2016	2017
Exports to the US
Kenya	44	135	296	278	258	212	254	392	352	348
Lesotho	140	343	482	407	359	294	301	299	305	299
Madagascar	110	97	346	254	295	58	43	21	107	165
Mauritius	245	272	240	125	106	126	163	230	203	152
ESwatini	32	95	188	142	132	98	60	57	1	0.4
Ethiopia	5	1	4	5	11	7	10	13	34	55
Exports to the EU
Madagascar	247	135	204	302	353	282	349	408	382	376
Mauritius	731	666	731	724	781	533	437	422	335	331
Ethiopia			1	1	2	5	37	53	47	54
Kenya	2	1	3	1	2	2	2	12	9	10
Lesotho	2	2	1	1	3	2	2	0	2	4
eSwatini	2	0.2	1	0.1	0.1	0	0	0	0.4	1

Source: UN Comtrade.

Table 4. Apparel exports to South Africa (US$m).

	2006	2008	2010	2012	2014	2016	2017
eSwatini		0	57	100	133	152	189
Lesotho		2	44	63	93	115	129
Mauritius	21	47	69	148	130	109	115
Madagascar	1	7	18	62	85	92	86
Tanzania		1	2	2	9	7	8
Zimbabwe	6	7	3	1	1	4	7
Total SSA	52	80	234	394	461	484	541

Source: UN Comtrade.

Table 5. South African supermarkets in Africa; revenue and number of stores, 2015.

Firm	Revenue ($m)		No. of stores
	Total	Rest of Africa	SA	Rest of Africa
Pick ‘n pay	5332.5	287.6 (5.4%)	1126	116
Woolworths food	1785.0	72.1 (4.1%)	397 (total)
Massmart	6107.3	496.1 (8.2%)	398	35
Spar	4298.1	n.a.	1711	153
Shoprite supermarkets	7947.3	1311.0 (16.5%)	1198	250

Source: Adapted from Kaplan & Morris (2016).

Note: Walmart purchased a 51% stake in Massmart in 2011.

Kaplan, D & Morris, M, 2016. The expansion of South African based supermarkets into Africa: Likely future trajectory and the impact on local procurement and development. University of Cape Town, School of Economics, PRISM, Cape Town.

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