Household air pollution and household health in Uganda

Figures & data

Figure 1. Type of fuel used by education of household head and residence (%).

Figure 2. Type of fuel by wealth index of household head and residence (%).

Figure 3. Type of fuel by tenure of residence of household (%).

Table 1. Marginal effects for household sickness from HAP related sickness (cough and fever).

Variables	Cough				Fever
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	ME	pval	ME	pval	ME	pval	ME	pval
Polluting fuels	0.041	(0.227)			0.151**	(0.016)
Fuels (RC: electricity)
Paraffin			0.016	(0.715)			0.129*	(0.085)
Charcoal			0.028	(0.389)			0.022	(0.567)
Firewood/grass			0.050	(0.184)			0.073*	(0.078)
Household kitchen (RC: Outside built)
Indoor build	−0.018**	(0.019)	−0.018**	(0.016)	−0.009	(0.576)	−0.051***	(0.000)
Just indoor	0.008	(0.373)	0.007	(0.443)	0.062***	(0.002)	0.040**	(0.025)
Open space	0.001	(0.769)	−0.001	(0.793)	−0.018*	(0.090)	−0.022**	(0.013)
Education (RC: No education)
Primary	0.012	(0.103)	0.011	(0.126)	0.012	(0.421)	−0.033***	(0.004)
Secondary	0.006	(0.344)	0.007	(0.271)	−0.018	(0.208)	−0.054***	(0.000)
Postsecondary	−0.023**	(0.035)	−0.018*	(0.086)	−0.077***	(0.000)	−0.075***	(0.000)
Age cohort (RC: 36 and above)
0–4	0.157***	(0.000)	0.151***	(0.000)	0.190***	(0.000)	0.047*	(0.059)
5–12	0.046***	(0.000)	0.044***	(0.000)	0.040**	(0.028)	0.020	(0.193)
13–24	−0.031**	(0.046)	−0.027*	(0.074)	−0.092***	(0.001)	0.029	(0.408)
25–35	−0.020**	(0.044)	−0.017*	(0.071)	−0.037**	(0.049)	0.034	(0.103)
Male	−0.017*	(0.086)	−0.015	(0.136)	−0.061***	(0.001)	−0.009	(0.456)
Wealth index (RC: Very Rich)
Rich	0.008	(0.168)	0.008	(0.171)	0.022	(0.189)	0.016	(0.140)
Non-poor	0.010	(0.154)	0.010	(0.148)	0.043***	(0.002)	0.041***	(0.000)
Poor	0.029***	(0.003)	0.030***	(0.004)	0.067***	(0.000)	0.049***	(0.000)
Very poor	0.025***	(0.000)	0.030***	(0.000)	0.031**	(0.026)	0.037***	(0.008)
Household size	−0.003***	(0.008)	−0.003**	(0.014)	−0.006***	(0.003)	−0.001	(0.813)
Type of residence (RC: Given free)
Owned	−0.002	(0.820)	−0.003	(0.697)	−0.000	(0.985)	0.018	(0.303)
Rental	0.002	(0.871)	0.008	(0.393)	−0.018	(0.410)	0.034*	(0.059)
Smoke tobacco	0.043**	(0.049)	0.037*	(0.079)	0.095**	(0.018)	−0.021	(0.342)
Share toilet	0.006	(0.458)	0.005	(0.515)	0.054***	(0.000)	0.031***	(0.002)
Burns garbage	0.003*	(0.078)	0.004**	(0.030)	0.002	(0.714)	0.001	(0.835)
Urban	−0.019***	(0.009)	−0.012**	(0.042)	−0.040***	(0.004)	0.009	(0.390)
Regions (RC: Central)
Eastern	−0.001	(0.884)	−0.003	(0.643)	0.066***	(0.000)	0.121***	(0.000)
Northern	−0.008	(0.117)	−0.009*	(0.077)	−0.009	(0.465)	−0.023**	(0.027)
Western	−0.054*	(0.100)	−0.048	(0.148)	−0.206***	(0.000)	−0.086***	(0.000)
Household head marital status (RC: never married)
Marriage	0.020	(0.189)	0.016	(0.262)	0.060**	(0.047)	−0.023	(0.285)
Divorced/separated	0.025	(0.211)	0.022	(0.285)	0.088**	(0.019)	−0.024	(0.340)
Widow/widower	0.021	(0.108)	0.021	(0.134)	0.035	(0.201)	−0.032	(0.210)
Male household head	−0.005	(0.399)	−0.001	(0.846)	−0.016	(0.199)	−0.005	(0.628)
Observations	59,606		59,606		59,606		66,152
Wald chi2	545.43	(0.000)	66.59	(0.000)	565.13	(0.000)	603.81	(0.000)

Note: pval in parentheses ***p < .01, **p < .05, *p < .1.

Figure 4. Estimated probabilities of contracting cough and fever by age group.