Input-output linkages and interdependence between countries in Southern Africa

Figures & data

Table 1. Share of total SADC merchandise trade, selected countries (%).

		2000	2018
Mozambique	Exports	2	3
	Imports	7	6
South Africa	Exports	57	59
	Imports	4	18
Tanzania	Exports	1	2
	Imports	3	2
Zambia	Exports	4	7
	Imports	7	14
Zimbabwe	Exports	8	4
	Imports	13	8

Source: Authors’ calculations, based on UNCTAD (2019b).

Table 2. Aggregate sectoral inter-country backward linkages by country, 2000 & 2015.

		Primary	Manufacturing	Non-manufacturing industry	Services
Mozambique	2000	0.02	0.38	0.1	0.2
	2015	0.01	0.2	0.05	0.17
South Africa	2000	1.01	6.97	0.89	1.43
	2015	0.82	3.72	0.41	0.81
Tanzania	2000	0.01	0.28	0.06	0.17
	2015	0.01	0.15	0.04	0.12
Zambia	2000	0.01	0.36	0.06	0.19
	2015	0.01	0.44	0.1	0.27
Zimbabwe	2000	0.02	0.33	0.07	0.23
	2015	0.03	0.38	0.09	0.32

Source: Authors’ calculations.

Table 3. Top inter-country backward linkages by country, 2000 & 2015.

	2000		2015
	Sector	Linkages	Sector	Linkages
Mozambique	Petroleum & Chemicals	0.13	Food & Beverages	0.05
	Food & Beverages	0.06	Petroleum & Chemicals	0.04
	Construction	0.06	Construction	0.04
South Africa	Food & Beverages	1.32	Food & Beverages	0.80
	Petroleum & Chemicals	1.24	Agriculture	0.72
	Metal products	1.24	Textiles & Clothing	0.57
Tanzania	Petroleum & Chemicals	0.11	Petroleum & Chemicals	0.05
	Food & Beverages	0.05	Food & Beverages	0.03
	Education & Health	0.04	Various services sectors	0.02
Zambia	Petroleum & Chemicals	0.13	Petroleum & Chemicals	0.18
	Food & Beverages	0.05	Metal products	0.06
	Finance	0.05	Finance	0.06
Zimbabwe	Petroleum & Chemicals	0.08	Finance	0.10
	Food & Beverages	0.06	Petroleum & Chemicals	0.09
	Finance	0.05	Food & Beverages	0.06

Source: Authors’ calculations.

Note: Petroleum & Chemicals = Petroleum, Chemical and Non-Metallic Mineral Products; Finance = Financial Intermediation and Business Activities; Education & Health = Education, Health and Other Services.

Table 4. Top SADC inter-country multipliers by country, 2000 & 2015.

	2000		2015
	Country/Sector	Linkages	Country/Sector	Linkages
Mozambique	Eswatini/Petroleum & Chemicals	0.08	Eswatini/Food & Beverages	0.04
	Eswatini/Food & Beverages	0.04	Eswatini/Petroleum & Chemicals	0.02
	Eswatini/Construction	0.03	Eswatini/Construction	0.02
South Africa	Mozambique/Food & Beverages	0.49	Mozambique/Food & Beverages	0.28
	Zimbabwe/Petroleum & Chemicals	0.46	Mozambique/Agriculture	0.25
	Zambia/Metal products	0.42	Mauritius/Textiles & Clothing	0.46
Tanzania	Malawi/Petroleum & Chemicals	0.09	Malawi/Petroleum & Chemicals	0.03
	Madagascar/Food & Beverages	0.02	Malawi/Food & Beverages	0.01
	Malawi/Education & Health	0.02	Malawi/Various services sectors	0.01
Zambia	Botswana & Zimbabwe/Petroleum & Chemicals	0.04	Botswana & DRC/ Petroleum & Chemicals	0.07
	Zimbabwe/Food & Beverages	0.02	Botswana/Metal Products	0.02
	Zimbabwe/Finance	0.02	Botswana, DRC, Malawi, SA/Finance	0.01
Zimbabwe	Botswana/Petroleum & Chemicals	0.03	Botswana, SA, Zambia/Finance	0.02
	Various countries/Food & Beverages	0.01	Botswana/Petroleum & Chemicals	0.03
	Various countries/Finance	0.01	Zambia/Food & Beverages, Petroleum & Chemicals	0.02

Source: Authors’ calculations.

Note: DRC = Democratic Republic of Congo; SA = South Africa. Petroleum & Chemicals = Petroleum, Chemical and Non-Metallic Mineral Products; Finance = Financial Intermediation and Business Activities; Education & Health = Education, Health and Other Services.

UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), 2019b. UNCTADStat Data Center. Available from: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx?sCS_ChosenLang=en.

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