Effects of poverty challenges on youth learnership success

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual model of the study.

Table 1. Profile of the respondents.

Variable		Frequency (%)
Gender	Male	73 (46.79)
	Female	83 (53.21)
Age	18–20 years	3 (1.92)
	21–25 years	38 (24.36)
	26–30 years	64 (41.03)
	31–35 years	51 (32.69)
Highest level of education	Up to Grade 12	48 (30.77)
	NQF5 (N6 Certificate)	31 (19.87)
	NQF6 (National Diploma)	29 (18.59)
	NQF7 (Degree / Advanced Diploma)	32 (20.51)
	NQF8-10 (Postgraduate)	16 (10.26)
Dependents	None	49 (31.41)
	1−2	94 (60.26)
	3−4	13 (8.33)
Sector of learnership programme	Public	106 (67.9)
	Private	50 (32.1)
Registered SETA	MERSETA	19 (12.18)
	AgriSETA	14 (8.97)
	ServiceSETA	66 (42.31)
	CETA	6 (3.85)
	CHIETA	6 (3.85)
	ESETA	9 (5.77)
	Others	36 (23.08)
Duration	1 year	86 (55.13)
	2 years	64 (41.03)
	3 years or more	6 (3.85)

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of learning outcomes and rate of success.

Variables			Mean	Std. Deviation	Skewness	Kurtosis	Cronbach Alpha (α)
Learning outcomes (Personal development)	Learnership programme has improved my communication skills	VAR10	3,58	1,164	−0,785	−0,216	0.861
	Learnership programme has improved my self-esteem	VAR11	3,48	1,150	−0,662	−0,372
	I have acquired new skills through the programme	VAR12	3,94	1,039	−1,618	2,582
Learnership outcomes (Enhanced employability)	Learnership programme is beneficial to my career development	VAR13	3,90	1,052	−1,590	2,429	0.908
	The programme adds value to my job function in the workplace	VAR14	3,88	0,977	−1,490	2,449
	Learnership programme will assist me in being more employable	VAR15	3,84	1,116	−1,315	1,353
Rate of success	Rate the learnership success programme from 1 to 5 (1 – unsuccessful and 5 – extremely successful)	VAR16	3.88	.882

Note: N = 156; Std. error for skewness – 0.194 Std. error of Kurtosis – 0.386. Rate of success – Median = 4.00 Q₁ = 3.00 Q₃ = 5.00.

Table 3. Test of homogeneity (ANOVA) of the registered SETA.

		Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
Rate of success	Between Groups	2.970	6	.495	.627	.709
	Within Groups	117.716	149	.790
	Total	120.686	155
Personal development	Between Groups	2.088	6	.348	.346	.911
	Within Groups	149.800	149	1.005
	Total	151.888	155
Enhanced employability	Between Groups	4.919	6	.820	.877	.514
	Within Groups	139.352	149	.935
	Total	144.271	155

Table 4. Descriptive statistics on poverty challenges.

Variables		Mean	Std. Deviation	Skewness	Kurtosis	Cronbach alpha (α)
I have a strong supporting structure at home	VAR1	3,58	1,213	−0,692	−0,571
0.7567
My family is able to support me financially.	VAR2	2,17	1,159	0,612	−0,734
My family depend on government social grant	VAR3	3,04	1,314	0,118	−1,371
There is income received in my household on a monthly basis	VAR4	3,21	1,082	−0,604	−0,837
I do not have to worry about bringing in income to support my family.	VAR5	2,24	1,271	0,595	−0,998
I use the stipend to support my family	VAR6	3,78	1,166	−0,729	−0,474
I am happy with the stipend provided on a monthly basis	VAR7	2,27	1,177	0,447	−1,047
I go to work hungry most of the time	VAR8	2,57	0,997	0,317	−0,664
The cost of travelling to work does not give me any financial strain	VAR9	2,62	1,379	0,289	−1,241

Note: N = 156; Std. error for skewness – 0.194 Std. error of Kurtosis – 0.386.

Table 5. Regression analysis models on effect of poverty challenges on the rate of learnership success.

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7	Model 8
Poverty Challenges	−0.294 (−2.97) **	−0.422 (−4.02) ***	−0.422 (−4.43) ***	−0.285 (−2.83) **	−0.285 (−2.83) **	−0.393 (−3.76) ***	−1,38 (−3,37)**	−1.39 (−3,05)**
Personal development							−0.702 (−2,08)*
Enhance employability								−0.670 (1.86)
Interaction (Int_1)							0.266 (2,51)*	0.253 (2.24)*
Gender		0.020 (0.15)	0.020 (0.15)			0.036 (0.28)	-,0048 (−0.038)	0.054 (0.419)
Age		0.280 (3.30) **	0.28 (3.35) **			0.310 (3.66) ***	0.307 (3.63)***	0.287 (3.43)***
Education		−0.084 (−1.60)	−0.084 (−1.60)			−0.091 (−1.66)	-,0986 (−1,84)	−0.090 (−1.67)
Dependents		0.314 (2.64) **	0.31 (2.82) **			0.327 (2.72) **	0.326 (2,79)**	0.329 (2.80)**
Sector of Learnership				−0.290 (−1.96)	−0.290 (−1.90)	−0.317 (−2.28) *	−0.291 (−2,14)*	−0.333 (−2.45)*
Registered SETA				−0.004 (−0.13)	−0.004 (−0.12)	0.024 (0.75)	0.019 (0.590)	0.025 (0.789)
Duration				0.035 (0.28)	0.035 (0.29)	−0.114 (−0.95)	−0.124 (−1,04)	−0.132 (−1.10)
Constant	4.83 (14.68) ***	4.03 (7.95) ***	4.03 (7.25)***	5.16 (11.77) ***	5.16 (11.02) ***	4.31 (7.74) ***	7,04 (5,08)***	7.05 (4,59)***
N	156	156	156	156	156	156	156	156
F-Statistics	8.81**	7.07***	9.75***	3.22*	4.12**	5.33***	5,51***	5,29***
$r^2$	0.0541	0.191	0.191	0.078	0.078	0.225	0.276	0,267***
Adj $r^2$	0.0480	0.164		0.054		0.183
VIF		1.17		1.03		1.17
Durbin-Watson d-statistic	1.834	1.970		1.863		1.993
Breusch-Pagan / Cook-Weisberg	0.53	4.00*		0.31		3.34
Jarque-Bera	5.956	3.134		6.45*		3.23

Table 6. Conditional effects of the focal predictor at values of the moderator.

Moderators		β	S.E.	t
Personal Development	−1SD	– 0.669***	0.153	−4.38
	Mean	−0.406**	0.102	−3.97
	+SD	– 0.144	0.140	−1.03
Enhanced employability	−1SD	-,6577***	0.155	−4.25
	Mean	-,4137***	0.103	−4.03
	+SD	-,1697***	0.145	−1.17

Note: N = 156; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.

Figure 2. Visualising the conditional effect of personal development.

Figure 3. Visualising the conditional effect of enhanced employment.