Design of LQR-based FLC for the Optimal Regenerative Braking Controlling of Solar PV-based Electric Vehicle System

Abstract

The article presents an analysis of the optimal control of speed and regenerative braking in an electric vehicle (EV). The presence of the continuous generating power is one of the major challenges for battery charging of electric vehicle. In order to meet the demand of continuous power, electric vehicles are driven by solar PV arrays. Initially, maximum power extraction (MPPT) is assessed from a solar photovoltaic (PV) array using the P&O method. The outputs of the solar PV array are integrated with electric vehicles. Such integration creates the problem of maintaining the power quality. The existing methods also address the issue of optimal speed and torque control with high transients and more settling time. In this article, an electric vehicle is modeled first and then operated in regenerative braking mode. To address the shortcomings of existing methods, the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) method is used; then, fuzzy logic controller (FLC)-based LQR is used for optimal speed and torque control during electric vehicle regenerative braking. In terms of reduced settling time and improved peak overshoot, optimal speed and regenerative torque of electric vehicles are better realized with LQR-based FLCs than with LQR controllers. In addition to this, stopping speed characteristics with various electrical parameters (voltage, current, and flux) have been analyzed with different methods in which LQR-based FLC shows its dominance to attain zero speed in regenerative mode with more sharp characteristics.

KEYWORDS:

• Electric vehicle
• FLC
• LQR
• Regenerative braking
• Solar MPPT

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Abhinav Saxena

Abhinav Saxena was born in Farrukhabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. He received BTech degree in electrical engineering from UPTU Lucknow in 2011 and MTech from IIT Roorkee in 2013. He was awarded PhD in electrical engineering from Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India in 2020. His research areas include power electronics, electrical machines, power system, control system and intelligent techniques, renewable energy, nonlinear controller, smart grid, DG,DER. Electric vehicle, congestion management, DG, energy management, controlling through intelligent technique, analysis of biological equipment. He has more than 50 research papers and 5 published patents. He is also having a project of Rs 5 Lac. At present, he is working as assistant professor in Department of Electrical Engineering at JSSATE Noida (AKTU), Uttar Pradesh, India.

Amit Kumar Dash

Amit Kumar Dash completed PhD from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow in the field of solar energy and its associated applications. He has a rich teaching experience of more than 22 years. He has published many research papers in international journals and authored two books. His areas of interest include grid-connected photovoltaic system, microgrids, solar PV water pumping systems, power electronics, electrical machines, circuit theory, power systems, and hybrid solar thermal. In addition to this, he has coordinated many Faculty Development Programme (FDP)/workshop/short-term courses sponsored by AICTE and IEEE. Email: [email protected]

Rahul Virmani

Rahul Virmani is assistant professor in Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad. He has total teaching experience of 10 years. His area of specialization is electrical machines & drives. Email: [email protected]

Prashant

Prashant is working as assistant professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida, India. He received the BTech degree in electrical engineering from UPTU Lucknow, India in 2011 and MTech in electrical power system management from Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India in 2015 and PhD in power system operations and management from the same institute. His research areas of interest are power system operations and management, distributed generation, optimization, restructuring and deregulation of power systems, solar photo voltaic systems, renewable energy, and application of intelligent techniques in power system operations. He has published many research papers in international journals and conferences. Email: [email protected]

Nitya Srivastava

Nitya Srivastava is currently working as a director at Nitya Electrocontrols Pvt. Ltd. and is a second-generation entrepreneur. She received her Bachelor of Technology in electrical engineering in the year 2021 from JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida. Email: [email protected]

Prateeksha Ranjan

Prateeksha Ranjan is working as a software engineer. She completed her BTech in electrical engineering in 2021 from JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida. Her areas of interest lie in web development and data science. Email: [email protected]