https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5526-1126
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Abstract
There have been two parallel views regarding the role of voting in deliberation. The first is that deliberation before the fabrication of balloting was completely devoid of voting. The second is that voting is not just part of deliberation, but is standard to deliberation. I argue in this article that neither of these views is correct. Implicit voting has always existed across time and space but only as a last resort in the event of a failure of natural unanimity. What is relatively modern is the establishment of what I call explicit voting; namely, balloting, outside deliberation and often without deliberation. I also distinguish between natural and artificial unanimities, and clarify that artificial unanimities are products of implicit voting. I demonstrate these clarifications with some examples of deliberation. I deploy these clarifications to rid a certain debate of confusion regarding the precise role of voting in consensual deliberation.
Notes
1 See, for instance, the title of Moreno’s (Citation1988) work.
2 For details, see Coglianese (Citation2001).
3 PD of Ghana Citation2017, Vol. 99, No. 14, p. 1293.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid., 1297.
6 Ibid., 1305.
7 Ibid., 4129.
8 Ibid., 4133.
9 Ibid., 4134.
10 Ibid., 4137.
11 PD of Ghana Citation2017, Vol. 99, No. 12, p. 1117.
12 Ibid., 1119.
13 PD of Ghana Citation2017, Vol. 99, No. 14, pp. 1276–1293.
14 Ibid., 1276–1277.
15 Ibid., 1280.
16 Ibid., 4127.
17 Ibid., 4536.
18 Ibid., 4537.
19 PD of Ghana Citation2017, Vol. 99, No. 30, Tuesday November 21, pp. 3448–3455.
20 Ibid., 3455.
21 Wendy Russell of the Australia National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science (Australia National University) made this objection.
22 Francesco Veri, a Post-Doctoral Research Associate at the Centre for Deliberative Democracy and Global Governance, University of Canberra, Australia, made this remark.
23 Simon Niemeyer, Associate Professor, Centre for Deliberative Democracy and Global Governance, University of Canberra, Australia, made this contribution.