A three-dimensional groundwater flow model of the Waterloo Moraine for water resource management

Figures & data

Figure 1. Region of Waterloo study area.

Figure 2. Finite element model mesh refinement (numerical model Layer 1).

Figure 3. Conceptual hydrostratigraphic and groundwater flow model layers (adapted from Bajc and Shirota 2007; reproduced and adapted with permission, Queen’s Printer for Ontario).

Figure 4. Spatial and time-varying aquifer-stream hydraulic gradient and baseflow discharge along Laurel Creek.

Figure 5. Initial (pre-calibrated) hydraulic conductivity zones in model Layer 6. Well fields also shown.

Figure 6. Calibrated hydraulic conductivity zones in model Layer 6.

Table 1. Regional model calibration summary statistics.

Quality	Count	Mean residual (m)	Absolute mean residual (m)	Root mean squared residual (m)	Normalized root mean squared residual (%)
High quality	104	1.0	3.9	5.2	4.6
Medium quality	422	1.9	3.6	4.9	4.0
Medium–low quality	127	0.3	4.1	5.0	4.2

Figure 7. Scatterplot illustrating the steady-state head calibration.

Figure 8. Erb Street well field transient calibration example.

Figure 9. Composite capture zone for the Mannheim West well field.

Bajc, A. F., and J. Shirota. 2007. Three-dimensional mapping of surficial deposits in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, southwestern Ontario. Groundwater Resources Study 3. Sudbury, ON: Ontario Geological Survey.

 Google Scholar