Sediment modelling and design optimization for stormwater ponds

Figures & data

Figure 1. Settling velocity for different particle sizes.

Table 1. Particle size and settling velocities for sediment removal.

City of Calgary, 2011				Estimation by equations		NURP, USEPA (1983)
Size range (mm)	Density (kg/m^3)	Fraction (%)	Settling velocity (mm/s)	Velocity of Equation (1(1) ) (mm/s)	Velocity of Equation (10(10) ) (mm/s)	Size Range (mm)	Fraction (%)	Settling velocity (mm/s)
< 0.01	1500	23	0.00592	< 0.00238	< 0.00178	≤ 0.020	20	0.00254
0.01 - 0.02	2000	9	0.0473	0.0476–0.19	0.0356–0.142	0.02 - 0.04	10	0.013
0.02 - 0.05	2500	13	0.283	0.286–1.786	0.213–1.31	0.04 - 0.06	10	0.0254
0.05 - 0.15	2650	23	1.95	1.964–17.676	1.44–11.0	0.06 - 0.13	20	0.127
> 0.15	2650	32	12.4	> 17.676	> 11.0	0.13–0.4	20	0.593
-	-	-	-			0.4–4.0	20	5.503

Note:

The settling velocities of Equation (1(1) ) and Equation (10(10) ) are calculated based on the size range and density given by the City of Calgary.

Figure 2. Trap efficient curves of Brune, Gill and Jothiprakash.

Table 2. Empirical equations for trap efficiency (TE).

Researchers	Empirical equations
Dendy (1974)
	Adding additional data of 17 small reservoirs (Ac ≤ 60 km^2) to Brune’s curve
Gill (1979)	For fine sediment:
	For medium sediment:
	For coarse sediment:
Ward (1980)
	Ca and I are in hectare-m and m^3 yr^−1
Heinemann (1981)
	Based on data of 20 ponded reservoirs, Ca and I are in m^3 and m^3 yr^−1
Jothiprakash and Garg (2008)	For medium sediment:
	For coarse sediment:

Figure 3. Tracer concentration time distribution under different conditions.

Table 3. Modelling studies of pond hydraulic design.

Authors	Model	Notes
Persson et al. (1999)	2D MIKE 21	13 hypothetical ponds
Shilton (2000)	3D PHOENICS	Rectangular ponds with and without a baffle
Adamsson et al. (2005)	3D FLUENT and 2D MIKE21	A large rectangular physical model of a detention tank
Jansons and Law (2007)	2D MIKE 21	Nine stormwater ponds with more complex and realistic configurations
Su et al. (2009)	2D TABS-2	20 wetlands with different aspect ratios, configurations of inlet and outlet, and obstruction designations
Zounemat-Kermani et al. (2015)	2D depth-average model	89 artificial constructed wetlands

Table 4. Brief description of sediment module inputs.

Researcher	Model	Main inputs for sediment simulation
Gharabaghi et al. (2006)	RMA2 for hydrodynamics; SED2D for sediment transport	Influent sediment concentration, sediment particle size, settling velocity, initial sediment concentration, deposition characteristics of the sediment, and sediment diffusion coefficients, water temperature, etc.
Torres et al. (2008)	Rubar20 2D CFD software	Median particle diameter, settling velocity, critical shear stress, calibration coefficient, density of particles, etc.
Bentzen (2009)	MIKE 3 for hydrodynamics; convection diffusion equation for sediment	Sediment particle size, settling velocity, critical shear stress for deposition, critical shear stress for erosion，erosion coefficients, power of erosion, suspended sediment, concentration at open boundaries, dispersion coefficients, consolidation transition coefficient, bed layer thickness, etc.
Zhang (2009)	FLUENT:3D time-averaged N-S equation for fluid phase，Lagrangian discrete phase model for sediment phase	Inlet distribution of particles, particle size d20, d50, d80, d90, particle density, bed shear stress, etc.

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