A missed opportunity for regionalism: the disparate behaviour of African countries in the EPA-negotiations with the EU

Figures & data

Figure 1. Interregional trade negotiations.

Table 1. EAC’s intra- and extra-regional trade in 2017.⁴

	GDP in billion US dollars^5	Total trade in billion US dollars	Intraregional trade as % of total trade	Trade with the EU as % of total trade
Burundi	3.48	0.87	17.3	15.1
Kenya	74.94	22.44	7.6	14.3
Rwanda (2016)	8.48	2.40	24.8	11.9
Tanzania (2016)	52.09	12.62	5.8	12.8
Uganda	25.89	8.50	16.3	13.0
Total EAC	164.88	46.82	9.7	13.6

Table 2. ECOWAS’ intra and extra-regional trade in 2017.¹³

	GDP in billion US dollars^14	Total trade in billion US dollars	Intraregional trade as % of total trade	Trade with the EU as % of total trade
Benin	9.27	3.80	13.0	19.9
Burkina Faso (2016)	11.45	5.86	16.5	18.12
Cape Verde	1.75	0.84	2.5	77.8
Gambia	1.02	0.58	46.9	16.7
Ghana (2016)	42.08	22.02	7.9	22.6
Guinea	10.49	6.20	19.8	24.1
Guinea-Bissau	–	–	–	–
Ivory Coast (2016)	36.38	19.04	17.4	36.6
Liberia	2.16	9.45	0.4	14.1
Mali (2016)	14.04	6.69	26.3	13.9
Niger (2016)	7.61	2.79	16.9	35.3
Nigeria	375.77	75.15	3.7	39.2
Senegal	16.38	9.72	20.0	31.6
Sierra Leone (2016)	3.56	1.42	18.1	24.6
Togo	4.81	2.36	28.8	22.6
Total ECOWAS^15	536.77	165.93	9.6	31.8

Table 3. SADC’s intra and extra-regional trade in 2017.²³

	GDP in billion US dollars^24	Total trade in billion US dollars	Intra-regional trade as % of total trade	Trade with the EU as % of total trade
Angola (2015)	102.62	49.81	4.8	27.8
Botswana	17.41	11.18	41.3	14.8
Comoros (2013)	0.62	0.13	18.6	26.6
DR Congo	37.24	12.49	26.5	15.7
Lesotho	2.64	2.00	62.6	10.1
Madagascar	11.50	6.46	7.7	30.4
Malawi	6.30	3.45	26.5	23.6
Mauritius	13.34	7.37	13.8	31.6
Mozambique	12.33	10.45	27.1	24.6
Namibia (2016)	11.31	11.54	57.6	11.5
Seychelles (2016)	1.43	2.13	7.3	32.2
South Africa	349.42	171.30	15.4	26.1
Swaziland	4.41	3.41	80.7	4.0
Tanzania (2016)	47.39	12.62	12.9	12.8
Zambia (2016)	21.00	16.84	38.3	5.1
Zimbabwe (2016)	16.62	8.04	66.5	4.2
Total SADC	655.58	329.21	20.1	22.8