The Influence of Selected Meteorological Parameters on the Concentration of Surface Ozone in the Central Region of Poland

Figures & data

Table 1. Description of stations included in the analysis.

Name of the station	Altitude (m a.s.l.)	Geographical coordinates	Type of station
Warszawa – Krucza	112	21°01′E, 52°13′N	Urban
Legionowo – Zegrzyn´ska	91	20°57′E, 52°24′N	Suburban
Granica	72	20°27′E, 52°17′N	Rural
Belsk	176	20°47′E, 51°50′N	Rural

Table 2. Specifications of measuring instruments. The rise/fall time indicates the time needed to measure 95% of the desired ozone concentration value.

Component	Instrument	Method	Measurement Range	Lowest Detectable Limit	Rise/Fall Time
O3	Monitor Europe model ML9810	Ultraviolet photometry	0–40,000 µg m^−3	1 µg m^−3	<60 s
O3	API Model 400A	Ultraviolet photometry	200–20,000 µg m^−3	1.2 µg m^−3	<20 s
NOx	API Model 200AU	Chemiluminescence	10–4000 µg m^−3	0.1 µg m^−3	<50 s
NOx	API Model 200A	Chemiluminescence	100–40,000 µg m^−3	0.8 µg m^−3	<60 s

Fig. 1 Time series of average monthly surface ozone concentration for 2005–2010.

Fig. 2 Time series of average diurnal surface ozone concentration for July 2005–2010.

Fig. 3 Time series of average diurnal surface ozone concentration for January 2005–2010.

Fig. 4 Frequency distribution of surface ozone concentration for the 2005–2010 time series.

Fig. 5 Number of days when ozone concentrations exceeds 120 µg m⁻³ per 8 h in a year.

Table 3. Summary statistics of trajectories arriving at analyzed stations in 2005–2010 by sectors, pathways and air masses of atmospheric transport.

Sector	Air mass	Pathway	Number	Percentage
				Belsk	Granica	Legionowo	Warszawa
North	AA	SC→BS	25	8	11	6	9
Northwest	AA	UK→NS→D→BS	32	15	9	9	12
West	MPA	AO→F→BC→G	33	9	14	12	12
Southwest	TMA	S→F→G	82	32	25	31	28
East	CPA	B/U→R	76	26	29	28	21
S	TCA	Ro→H→Sl	37	9	12	14	18

Air masses: AA-Arctic, MPA-Maritime polar, TMA-Tropical maritime, CPA-Continental polar, TCA-Tropical continental.

Pathway: SC-Scandinavian countries, UK-United Kingdom, NS-North Sea, D-Denmark, BS-Baltic Sea, AO-Atlantic Ocean, F-France, BC-Benelux countries, G-Germany S-Spain, B-Belarus, U-Ukraine, R-Russia, Ro-Romania, H-Hungary, Sl-Slovakia.

Fig. 6 Monthly averaged surface ozone concentration for the 2006 time series.

Table 4. Daily averaged concentration for the 2005–2010 time series of O₃ and NO₂. Numbers in bold indicate the highest values during the week; numbers in bold italic font indicate the lowest values during the week.

2005–2010	Granica		Belsk		Legionowo		Warszawa
	O3 (µg m^−3)	NO2 (µg m^−3)	O3 (µg m^−3)	NO2 (µg m^−3)	O3 (µg m^−3)	NO2 (µg m^−3)	O3 (µg m^−3)	NO2 (µg m^−3)
Monday	50.02	8.61	55.47	10.11	47.58	19.20	40.99	28.46
Tuesday	48.94	9.66	53.86	11.40	46.81	20.47	39.40	29.27
Wednesday	48.61	9.49	53.85	11.24	46.79	19.18	39.05	29.19
Thursday	49.83	9.47	54.23	11.33	47.25	19.20	39.84	28.86
Friday	48.99	9.67	54.33	11.48	46.91	19.66	39.26	28.81
Saturday	51.02	8.39	55.91	9.98	49.53	16.93	45.01	23.57
Sunday	51.70	7.07	56.86	8.19	50.80	14.89	47.55	20.46
Wd	49.28	9.38	54.35	11.11	47.07	19.54	39.71	28.92
Sa–Su	51.36	7.73	56.39	9.09	50.16	15.91	46.28	22.02

Wd-weekday daily mean concentrations, Sa–Su-weekend daily mean concentrations.

Fig. 7 Surface ozone concentrations relative to the average for the 2005–2010 time series where 1 means Monday and 7 Sunday.

Fig. 8 Nitrogen dioxide concentrations relative to the average for the 2005–2010 time series where 1 means Monday and 7 Sunday.

Fig. 9 Diurnal and weekly cycles of surface ozone at an urban (Warszawa) station and a background (Belsk) station for the 2005–2010 time series. Sa-Su: weekend, Wd-weekdays.

Table 5. Average concentration during weekdays and weekends for the 2005–2010 time series of O_x.

	Warszawa		Belsk
	Weekdays (µg m^−3)	Weekends (µg m^−3)	Weekdays (µg m^−3)	Weekends (µg m^−3)
2005	66.82	68.29	65.96	65.78
2006	72.43	72.58	72.50	73.72
2007	65.92	64.84	61.56	61.92
2008	68.07	67.75	64.73	64.77
2009	69.65	66.09	63.31	60.06
2010	–	–	64.61	65.16
Average (2005–2010)	68.58	67.91	65.45	65.23

Table 6. Correlation coefficients for seasonal mean surface ozone and meteorological parameters. The statistically significant coefficients at the 95% confidence level are in bold font. The 2010 coefficients for Warszawa were not calculated because the NO₂ data for Warszawa were missing (required to calculate O_x). Pressure data for Warszawa station are missing.

Belsk Summer	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	Belsk Winter	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
T	0.66	0.77	0.71	0.5	0.4	0.77	T	−0.27	−0.1	−0.23	0.33	−0.27	−0.03
RH	−0.36	−0.72	−0.61	−0.68	−0.51	−0.75	RH	−0.45	−0.4	−0.61	−0.71	−0.59	−0.54
SR	0.54	0.68	0.6	0.62	0.57	0.74	SR	0.5	0.66	0.39	0.51	0.59	0.74
P	0.16	0.48	0.06	0.13	−0.01	0.26	P	−0.09	−0.04	−0.07	−0.19	0.25	−0.27
WS	−0.27	−0.28	−0.17	−0.06	−0.12	−0.25	WS	0.21	0.08	0.45	0.61	0.2	0.28
V	−0.11	0.13	0.26	−0.09	−0.14	−0.07	V	0.13	−0.07	0.01	0.21	−0.08	0.08
U	0.08	0.09	−0.03	−0.03	0.21	−0.14	U	−0.12	0.17	−0.04	−0.12	−0.02	−0.12
Warszawa Summer	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	Warszawa Winter	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
T	0.66	0.77	0.85	0.58	0.5	—	T	−0.34	−0.18	−0.3	−0.11	−0.28	—
RH	−0.61	−0.7	—	—	—	—	RH	−0.52	−0.27	−0.58	—	—	—
SR	0.64	0.66	0.88	0.67	0.42	—	SR	0.64	0.48	0.52	0.34	0.45	—
WS	−0.07	−0.22	−0.08	0.04	0.02	—	WS	0.47	0.18	0.49	0.65	0.33	—
V	0.11	−0.05	0.27	−0.25	−0.11	—	V	−0.13	0.00	0.04	0.09	−0.13	—
U	0.11	0.2	−0.31	0.08	0.13	—	U	0.05	0.04	−0.05	0.1	−0.02	—

T-temperature, RH-relative humidity, SR-solar radiation, P-pressure, WS-wind speed, V and U are the vertical and horizontal components of the wind, respectively.

Table 7. Results of the multiple regression model for O₃ for Belsk and Warszawa stations in winter and summer from 2005 to 2010. R is the correlation coefficient; R² is the coefficient of determination.

	Belsk 2005–2010			Warszawa 2005–2010
Stepwise Regression	R	R^2	Parameters	R	R^2	Parameters
Summer
forward	0.73	0.53	temperature	0.75	0.56	temperature
			solar radiation			solar radiation
backward	0.73	0.53	temperature	0.75	0.56	temperature
			solar radiation			solar radiation
Winter
forward	0.65	0.41	temperature	0.65	0.41	temperature
			solar radiation			solar radiation
			wind speed			wind speed
backward	0.65	0.41	temperature	0.65	0.41	temperature
			solar radiation			solar radiation
			wind speed			wind speed

Table 8. Correlation coefficients between the predicted and observed ozone concentrations.

	Belsk		Warszawa
	R		R
	Summer	Winter	Summer	Winter
2005	0.57	0.50	0.73	0.66
2006	0.61	0.67	0.67	0.49
2007	0.67	0.40	0.88	0.54
2008	0.63	0.52	0.68	0.35
2009	0.57	0.60	0.44	0.47
2010	0.76	0.74	–	–

Table 9. Results from the MLP neural network for summer and winter from 2005 to 2010 for Belsk and Warszawa stations.

	Correlation Coefficient	Average Deviation (%)	Standard Deviation (%)
Belsk summer	0.84	−6.8	15
Belsk winter	0.78	−3.7	27
Warszawa summer	0.89	0.6	19
Warszawa winter	0.83	−9.8	36

Fig. 10 Comparison of measured and estimated values of O₃ for Belsk and Warszawa stations during summer and winter.