Temperature and time combinations required to cause mortality of a range of fungi colonizing wood

Figures & data

Table 1.  Fungi (and one species of Phytophthora) used in this study

Fungus	Isolate NZFS	Collection location	Host	Collection date
Armillaria novae zealandiae	2340	Karamea, NZ	Nothofagus sp.	11 May 2005
Armillaria novae zealandiae	1853	Fiordland National Park, NZ	Decayed wood	9 May 1994
Armillaria novae zealandiae	1026	Rotorua, NZ	Pinus radiata	13 Feb 1995
Lasiodiplodia theobromae	2964	Federated States of Micronesia	Cyrtosperma chamissonis	1 Jan 1987
Lasiodiplodia theobromae	2954	Western Samoa	Psidium guajava	1 Mar 1982
Lasiodiplodia theobromae	2955	Mexico	Mangifera sp.	1 Aug 1980
Cladosporium herbarum	89	New Zealand	Pinus sp.	8 Apr 1964
Cladosporium herbarum	2963	Nelson, NZ	Nicotiana tabacum	1 May 1978
Cladosporium tenuissimum	390	Tautara, NZ	Eucalyptus nitens	10 Jun 2000
Fusarium circinatum	308A/1	Monterey, CA, USA	Pinus radiata	1 Aug 1996
Fusarium circinatum	308C	Ano Nuevo, CA, USA	Pinus radiata	1 Aug 1996
Fusarium circinatum	1724	California	Pinus radiata	Unknown
Neonectria fuckeliana	1105	Waitane Forest, NZ	Pinus radiata	4 Feb 2004
Neonectria fuckeliana	1068	Flagstaff Forest, NZ	Pinus radiata	30 Oct 2003
Neonectria fuckeliana	2962	Flagstaff Forest, NZ	Pinus radiata	23 Nov 2006
Ophiostoma novo-ulmi	184E	New Hampshire, USA	Ulmus sp.	1 Jan 1997
Ophiostoma novo-ulmi	1131	Auckland, NZ	Ulmus sp.	19 Mar 1991
Ophiostoma novo-ulmi	184D	Belgium	Unknown	1 Jan 1980
Phlebiopsis gigantea	1015	Australia	Pinus sp.	17 Nov 1995
Phlebiopsis gigantea	1958	Berwick Forest, NZ	Pinus radiata	30 Oct 1995
Phlebiopsis gigantea	1530	Kaingaroa Forest, NZ	Pinus radiata	18 Sept 2000
Phytophthora cinnamomi	102.16	Te Kao, NZ	Pinus radiata	7 Jan 1999
Phytophthora cinnamomi	979	Whitford, NZ	Quercus robur	3 Mar 2003
Phytophthora cinnamomi	1012	Auckland, NZ	Quercus palustris	16 Apr 2003
Schizophyllum commune	1956	India	Unknown	13 Sept 1995
Schizophyllum commune	2491	South Africa	Unknown	26 Mar 1999
Schizophyllum commune	2490	Fiji	Unknown	27 Jan 1999
Sphaeropsis sapinea	15.17	Kaingaroa Forest, NZ	Pinus radiata	18 May 1999
Sphaeropsis sapinea	15.22	Cambridge, NZ	Pseudotsuga menziesii	19 May 1999
Sphaeropsis sapinea	1033	Greymouth, NZ	Pinus contorta	3 Jun 2003
Note: NZFS is the culture collection of the New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.

Fig. 1. a and b, Survival following heat treatment. Each plot represents mean survival (out of six replicate blocks) ± standard error of the mean for three isolates of each species at each time/temperature combination, with the exception of C. herbarum, for which there were two isolates and C. tenuissimum, for which there was one isolate (and hence no S.E.).

Table 2.  Regression parameters for the binomial generalized linear model developed in this study, estimated survival () following exposure to 56 °C for 30 min with 95% confidence interval and the predicted temperature (°C) that causes 99% and 99.99% mortality following 30 min exposure

Species	a	b	c	p	(95% C.I.)	T 99% (°C)	T 99.99% (°C)
Armillaria novae-zelandiae	919.2	−29.4	−19.9	0.000	(0.000, NaN^a)	41.4	41.6
Cladosporium herbarum	34.7	−0.85	−0.70	0.065	(1.0 × 10^−5, 0.04)	52.0	58.6
Cladosporium tenuissimum	26.8	−1.27	−0.47	0.018	(0.0009, 0.25)	57.6	67.4
Fusarium circinatum	38.3	−1.05	−0.64	0.276	(0.19, 0.38)	61.7	68.9
Lasiodiplodia theobromae	41.5	−0.83	−0.73	0.097	(0.025, 0.31)	59.3	65.6
Neonectria fuckeliana	44.06	−1.511	−0.803	0.002	(1.1 × 10^−4, 0.05)	54.2	59.9
Ophiostoma novo-ulmi	30.26	−1.017	−0.520	0.089	(0.030, 0.23)	60.4	69.3
Phlebiopsis gigantea	1342.5	−27.6	−26.3	0.000	(0.000, NaN)	47.6	47.8
Phytophthora cinnamomi	19.66	−0.281	−0.455	0.001	(3.9 × 10^−5, 0.033)	51.2	61.4
Schizophyllum commune	46.74	−0.677	−0.704	0.993	(0.935, 0.999)	61.4	69.6
Sphaeropsis sapinea	31.68	−0.71	−0.588	0.025	(0.005, 0.118)	57.6	65.4
^Note: aNaN designates ‘not a number’. This occurred when the upper limit of the confidence interval could not be calculated. This is because on the logit scale, the upper limit may be infinite, then becoming NaN on back-transformation to a probability.