Integrated management of Phytophthora capsici on solanaceous and cucurbitaceous crops: current status, gaps in knowledge and research needs

Figures & data

Fig. 1. Phytophthora blight on vegetable crops caused by Phytophthora capsici. A, fruit rot on watermelon; B, wilting in squash; C, fruit rot in squash; D, wilting in chile pepper plants; E, crown rot on chile pepper plants; and F, fruit rot on chile pepper with massive mycelial growth.

Fig. 2. Conceptual framework for developing an effective and economical management system for Phytophthora capsici that integrates soil, seed and plant treatment to reduce pathogen activities and increase crop performance and yield.

Table 1.  Available information on combination of management options for Phytophthora capsici on solanaceous and cucurbitaceous crops. A bibliometric search was conducted and an arbitrary three-level numerical rating scale was developed with 0 or 1 indicating that information was absent or scarce (fewer than five peer-reviewed articles), respectively

Management options	WM	F	SF	BP	CR	CC	HR	IR	SA	S
Water management (WM)	−	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
Fungicides (F)	1	−	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0
Soil fumigants (SF)	1	0	−	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
Biorational products (BP)	1	0	0	−	0	0	1	0	0	1
Crop rotation (CR)	0	0	0	0	−	0	0	0	0	1
Cover crops (CC)	0	0	0	0	0	−	0	0	0	0
Host resistance (HR)	1	1	0	1	0	0	−	0	0	0
Induced resistance (IR)	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	−	0	0
Soil amendments (SA)	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	−	1
Solarization (S)	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	−

Table 2.  Status of knowledge on the effects of production environment variables on biological attributes of Phytophthora capsici. A bibliometric search was conducted and an arbitrary three-level numerical rating scale was developed with 0, 1 and 2, indicating that information was absent, scarce (fewer than five peer-reviewed articles) or extensive (more than five peer-reviewed articles), respectively

	Biological attributes
Production environment variables	Survival	Dispersal	Reproduction	Plant infection
Biological (pests)
Weeds	1	0	0	0
Arthropods	1	0	0	0
Edaphic
Soil temperature	2	0	0	2
Soil moisture	2	2	2	2
Soil salinity	0	0	1	1
Soil chemical composition	0	0	1	1
Soil texture	1	1	1	1
Soil hydraulic conductivity	0	0	0	0
Soil microorganisms	1	0	1	0
Physical aerial
Temperature	0	0	0	0
Humidity	0	1	0	0
Rainfall	0	1	1	0
Wind	0	1	0	0
Management inputs
Irrigation	2	2	2	2
Soil amendments	1	1	0	1
Cover crops
Bioactive	2	1	0	1
Poaceous	0	1	0	1
Crop rotation	1	0	1	0
Genetic resistance	0	0	0	2
Induced resistance	0	0	0	2
Grafting	0	0	0	2
Solarization	2	1	1	2
Pesticides
Fungicides	2	2	2	2
Insecticides	0	0	0	1
Herbicides	0	0	0	0
Biorational products
Microbial	1	0	1	2
Botanical	1	0	1	1