Alien fungal species on asymptomatic live woody plant material imported into Canada

Figures & data

Table 1. Exotic fungi found on live plant material imported into Canada. Incidence of fungal clones of each OTU representing a potential risk for Canadian forests with year of collection, host, country of origin, best BLAST match, putative identification and risk assessment.

GenBank^1	Clones^2	Year	Host	Country	Best BLAST match found in GenBank (maximum identity in %)	Putative identification	Risk assessment
Moderate potential risk
KF742558	1	2009	Acer and Betula	USA	Neonectria ramulariae 90%, Cordyceps crassispora 90%	Nectriaceae sp. 1	Unknown to science, family with many forest pathogens
KF742559 KF742560	2	2008	Acer	USA	Diplodina microsperma 94%, Plagiostoma euphorbiae 94%	Plagiostoma sp. 1	Pathogenic genus close to Gnomonia that contains many forest pathogens
Low potential risk
KF742561	1	2008	Viburnum	USA	Lophiostoma cynaroidis 88%	Lophiostomaceae sp. 1	Unknown to science, family with many forest pathogens
KF742562	1	2009	Berberris	USA	Neofabraea malicortis 88%	Dermeataceae sp. 1	Unknown to science, family with many forest pathogens, no major disease reported
KF742563	1	2008	Rubus, Amelanchier Aronia	USA, Holland	Tree Endophyte (China) 99%, Coniothyrium spp. 96%	Leptosphaeriaceae sp. 4	Possibly a new Coniothyrium, genus with many pathogens, however no major disease reported
KF742564 KF742565	2	2010	Pinus, Picea and Larix	USA	Coniothyrium sp. 99%, Paraconiothyrium sporulosum 94%	Coniothyrium sp. 3	New Coniothyrium, genus with many pathogens, however no major disease reported
KF742566 KF742567	7	2008	Malus and Pyrus	USA	Coniothyrium sp. 98%	Coniothyrium sp. 2	New Coniothyrium, genus with many pathogens, however no major disease reported
KF742568	1	2008	Acer	USA	Coniozyma leucospermi 93%	Dothideaceae sp. 2	Possibly a new Coniothyrium, genus with many pathogens, however no major disease reported
KF742569	1	2008	Tilia	USA	Coniothyrium aleuritis 96%, Ampelomyces humili 96%	Leptosphaeriacea sp. 1	Possibly a new Coniothyrium, genus with many pathogens, however no major disease reported
KF742570	1	2008	Potentilla	USA	Botryotinia fuckeliana 91%, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 91%	Sclerotiniaceae sp. 1	Unknown to science, family with many forest pathogens
KF742571	1	2009	Berberris	USA	Paraconiothyrium sporulosum 95%	Paraconiothyrium sp. 2	Unknown to science, low potential impact
KF742572	2	2009, 2010	Tsuga, Thuya and Juniperus	USA	Paraconiothyrium sporulosum 89%	Paraconiothyrium sp. 1	Unknown to science, low potential impact
KF742573	1	2008	Acer	USA	Rhizosphaera 93%	Venturiacea sp. 2	Pathogen of leaves, low potential impact except on the alder in Sweden
KF742574	1	2008	Acer	USA	Taphrina sp. 97%	Taphrina sp. 1	Pathogen of leaves, low potential impact except on the alder in Sweden
KF742575	2	2008	Quercus	USA	Taphrina carpini 96%, Lalaria inositophila 96%	Taphrinaceae sp. 1	Pathogen of leaves, low potential impact except on the alder in Sweden
KF742576	3	2008	Chaeno-meles Hypericum	France	Tetracladium furcatum 89%	Hypocreales sp. 1	New species, type of water mold, low potential impact
KF742577	1	2008	Chaeno-meles Hypericum	France	Myriosclerotinia ciborium 94%	Sclerotiniaceae sp. 1	Disease of garlic, low risk
KF742578	1	2008	Acer	USA	Phaeomoniella spp. 95%	Phaeomoniella sp. 1	Epiphyte, may be related to a disease of Vitis
KF742579	5	2008, 2010	Acer and Quercus	USA	Kabatiella microsticta 88%	Dothioraceae sp. 1	Genus with a low risk level
KF742580	1	2008	Kerria, Hydrangea, Hibiscus	France	Chalara sp. 97%, nectar from Silene, herbaceous, Virginia USA	Chalara sp. 1	Not Chalara quercina (Ceratocystis fagacearum), nor Chalara fraxinea. It is indigenous and therefore presents a low risk
KF742581	1	2008	Rosacea	USA, Holland	Gloeosporium DAOM 92%	Dermataceae sp. 2	Disease of cranberries, low risk for forests
KF742582	1	2009	Viburnum and Lonicera	USA	Stagonospora sp. 99%, Phaeosphaeria pontiformis 98%	Stagonospora sp. 1	New species, endophyte seed, low potential impact on woody plants, except Salix and Quercus
KF742583 KF742584	6	2009	Tsuga canadensis	USA	Phaeosphaeria spp. 90%	Phaeosphaeria sp. 2	Pathogenic genus on grass only, low potential impact
KF742585	3	2009	Tsuga canadensis	USA	Phaeosphaeria nodurum 85%	Phaeosphaeria sp. 3	Pathogenic genus on grass only, low potential impact
KF742586	1	2010	Tsuga canadensis	USA	Phaeosphaeria spp. 96%	Phaeosphaeria sp. 4	Pathogenic genus on grass only, low potential impact
KF742587	1	2009	Viburnum and Lonicera	USA	Phomopsis sp. 99%, Diaoporthe eres 96%	Phomopsis sp. 1	Pathogenic genus on grass only, low potential impact
KF742588	1	2009	Quercus	USA	Kabatiella microsticta 79%	Dothioraceae sp. 2	Genus with a low risk level
KF742589	2	2009	Syringa	USA	Alternaria alternata 93%	Pleosporales sp. 2	New species? Genus with a low risk level
KF742590	1	2009	Berberris	USA	Leptosphaeria contecta 90%	Leptosphaeria sp. 2	141 species in this genus, only two on woody plants, low potential impact
KF742591	1	2010	Tsuga canadensis	USA	Mistletoe endophyte in Germany 97%, Leptosphaeria bicolor 86%	Dothideomycetes sp. 4	New species, genus and family with 141 pathogens on non-woody plants
KF742592	1	2010	Acer	USA	Air Filter Germany 100%, Phaeosphaeriopsis musae 93%	Phaeosphaeriopsis sp. 2	New species of Phaeosphaeriopsis, leaf spot, low risk
KF742593 KF742594	4	2010	Amelanchier	USA	Dust cottage in Finland 99%, Athelia bombacina 87%	Agaricomycetes sp. 1	New species, order with a low risk
KF742595	1	2008	Viburnum lentago	USA	Leptosphaeriaceae sp. uncultured 98%	Leptosphaeriaceae sp. 3	New species, genus and family with 141 pathogens on non-woody plants
KF742596	1	2008	Chaeno-meles Hypericum	France	Leptosphaeria doliolum 91%	Leptosphaeriaceae sp. 1	New species, genus and family with 141 pathogens on non-woody plants
KF742597	2	2008	Potentille and Ginkgo	USA	Leptosphaeria spp. 96%	Leptosphaeria sp. 1	New species, genus and family with 141 pathogens on non-woody plants
KF742598	4	2008	Rubus, Amelanchier Aronia	USA, Holland	Leptosphaeria microscopica 90%	Leptosphaeria sp. 3	New species, genus and family with 141 pathogens on non-woody plants
KF742599	2	2008	Potentille	USA	Leptosphaeria spp. 91%	Leptosphaeriaceae sp. 2	New species, genus and family with 141 pathogens on non-woody plants
KF742600	1	2008	Potentille	USA	Uncultured soil fungus 93% Phaeosphaeria phragmitis 90%	Pleosporales sp. 2	On herbaceous hosts only, low risk
KF742601	11	2008, 2009	Prunus and Crategus	USA	Tetracladium maxilliformis 96%	Tetracladium sp. 1	Aquatic fungus, pathogen leaves? Low risk
Impossible-to-evaluate potential risk
n/a^3	3	2008	Viburnum	USA	Saccharicola bicolor 86%	Pleosporales sp. 4	Order with many pathogens, impossible to evaluate
n/a^3	3	2008, 2010	Quercus	USA	House dust 76%, Sphaceloma spp. 76%	Dothideomycetes sp. 2	New species, genus and family unknown
n/a^3	3	2008	Betula	USA	Phaeosclera spp. 85%	Ascomycota sp. 1	New species, genus and family unknown
n/a^3	1	2008	Betula	USA	Septoria lycopersici 83%	Dothideomycetes sp. 3	New species, genus and family unknown
n/a^3	1	2008	Syringa	USA, Holland	Endophyte of maize 91%, Stagonospora spp. 89%	Dothideomycetes sp. 3	New species, genus and family unknown
n/a^3	1	2010	Tsuga	USA	Pleosporales spp. 80%	Dothideomycetes sp. 5	New species, genus and family unknown
n/a^3	7	2008, 2010	Many hosts	USA	Rhizosphaera pini 83%	Ascomycete sp. 8	New species, genus and family unknown
n/a^3	6	2008	Picea pungens	USA	Litter fungi 99%, Lophium mytilinum 81%	Dothideomycetes sp. 5	New species, genus and family unknown
n/a^3	29	2008, 2010	Prunus, Betula and Tilia	USA	Elsinoe australis 79%	Dothideomycetes sp. 7	New species, genus and family unknown
n/a^3	1	2008	Tiliacea	USA	House dust 99%, Alternaria helianthi 87%	Pleosporales sp. 4	New species, genus and family unknown. Order with many pathogens, impossible to evaluate
n/a^3	3	2008	Fraxinus americana	USA	Biscogniauxia capnodes 86%	Xylariales sp. 4	New species, genus and family unknown
n/a^3	1	2009	Ulmus	USA	Alternaria brassicicola 85%	Pleosporales sp. 5	Order with many pathogens, impossible to evaluate
n/a^3	3	2010	Pinus, Picea, Thuya and Larix	USA	Phoma herbarum 88%	Ascomycetes sp. 9	New species, genus and family unknown
n/a^3	1	2010	Pinus and Larix	USA	Pleosporales spp. 91%	Pleosporales sp. 2	New species, genus and family unknown. Order with many pathogens, impossible to evaluate
n/a^3	1	2010	Thuya and Juniperus	USA	Endophyte of Fraxinus excelsior in Sweden 99%, dust 99%	Pleosporales sp. 1	Endophyte of European ashes, family and genus unknown. Order with many pathogens, impossible to evaluate
n/a^3	1	2010	Thuya and Juniperus	USA	Bisporella citrina 87%	Leotiomycetes sp. 1	New species, genus and family unknown
n/a^3	1	2010	Taxus	USA	Soil fungus from Austria 99%, Phoma herbarum 83%	Ascomycetes sp. 9	New species, genus and family unknown
n/a^3	4	2010	Cornus and Ulmus	USA	Mycosphaerella milleri 84%	Dothideomycetes sp. 8	New species, genus and family unknown

¹Representative clone GenBank Accession number.

²Number of clones out of 1845 clones.

³Sequence similarity too low to provide significant information.

Fig. 1 Percentage of imported live plant material with low to moderate potential impact on Canadian forests.

Fig. 2 Incidence and impact potential of exotic fungal OTUs found on imported live plant material.

Fig. 3 Incidence and potential impact on Canadian forests of fungal clones found on imported live plant material.

Fig. 4 Phylograms of best trees obtained by ML from ribosomal ITS sequences of the top two fungal taxa identified as having a moderate potential impact. Support values are provided only for nodes that received ≥70% ML bootstrap. Trees are drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. Taxa are identified next to the branch by their genus and species names, culture identification and GenBank accession number. a, Nectriaceae sp. 1, b, Plagiostoma sp. 1.

Fig. 4 (Continued).