Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins present in Canadian wheat and durum harvest samples

Figures & data

Fig. 1. Percentage of Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) and Canada Western Amber Durum (CWAD) producer submitted harvest samples downgraded due to Fusarium damage (FUS DMG). Note that in 2010 the grading tolerances for Fusarium damage in CWRS were made more stringent.

Table 1. Mycotoxin analytes and limits of quantitation (LOQ).

Analyte	Abbreviation	HPLC-MS/MS LOQ (μg kg^−1)	GC-MS LOQ (μg kg^−1)
deoxynivalenol	DON	30	50
deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside	D3G	50	-
15-acetyl deoxynivalenol	15-ADON	50	50
3-acetyl deoxynivalenol	3-ADON	50	50
zearalenone	ZEAR	20	50
HT2 toxin	HT2	60	50
T2 toxin	T2	30	50
nivalenol	NIV	60	50
fusarenone-X	FUS-X	-^a	50
diacetoxyscirpenol	DAS	-	50
beauvericin	BEAU	2	-
enniatin A	ENN A	2	-
enniatin A1	ENN A1	5	-
enniatin B	ENN B	16	-
enniatin B1	ENN B1	16	-
fumonisin B1	FB1	50	-
fumonisin B2	FB2	50	-
alternariol	AOH	4	-
alternariol methyl ether	AME	4	-
altenuene	ALT	15	-
tentoxin	TENT	5	-
ochratoxin A	OTA	0.6	-
citrinin	CIT	2	-
aflatoxin B1	AFB1	1	-
aflatoxin B2	AFB2	1	-
aflatoxin G1	AFG1	1	-
aflatoxin G2	AFG2	1	-

^aAnalyte was not included in method.

Fig. 2. Crop regions (CR) of western Canada.

Fig. 3. (Colour Online)Relationships between deoxynivalenol (DON) and Fusarium damage in Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS), Canada Western Amber Durum (CWAD) and Canada Eastern Soft Red Winter (CESRW) observed for different years of harvest. Regression equation parameters for the relationships shown in the figure are listed in Table 6.

Table 2. Mycotoxins quantified in Canada Western Amber Durum 2013–2016 harvest sample composites. Samples include both grade and regional composites.

Analyte	Harvest year	n composites analysed	n samples > LOQ	Median^a (mg kg^−1)	Range (mg kg^−1)
TENT	2015	9	8	0.023	<0.005–0.040
	2016	5	5	0.028	0.023–0.063
DON	2013	4	3	0.10	<0.05–0.51
	2014	3	2	0.12	<0.05–0.17
	2015	9	9	0.17	0.046–0.436
	2016	5	5	0.65	0.046–3.129
ENN B	2015	9	7	0.990	<0.016–3.22
	2016	5	5	0.318	0.128–0.638
ENN B1	2015	9	7	0.055	<0.016–0.199
	2016	5	5	0.083	0.032–0.455
ENN A1	2015	9	6	0.011	<0.005–0.058
	2016	5	5	0.013	0.005–0.149
D3G	2015	9	1	0.05	<0.05–0.071
	2016	5	3	0.15	<0.05–0.464
ENN A	2015	9	3	0.002	<0.002–0.007
	2016	5	1	0.002	<0.002–0.017
BEAU	2015	9	2	0.002	<0.002–0.003
	2016	5	1	0.002	<0.002–0.003
AME	2015	9	2	0.004	<0.004–0.017
	2016	5	0	-	-
AOH	2015	9	1	0.004	<0.004–0.008
	2016	5	1	0.004	<0.004–0.005

^aResults <LOQ were set to the value of the LOQ for calculation of the median.

Table 3. Mycotoxins quantified in Canada Western Red Spring 2013–2016 harvest sample composites. Samples include both grade and regional composites.

Analyte	Harvest year	n composites analysed	n samples > LOQ	Median^a (mg kg^−1)	Range (mg kg^−1)
TENT	2015	20	16	0.016	<0.005–0.029
	2016	10	10	0.015	0.007–0.030
ENN B	2015	20	14	0.083	<0.016–0.868
	2016	10	10	0.094	0.025–0.271
DON	2013	21	13	0.09	<0.05–0.26
	2014	17	12	0.15	<0.05–0.73
	2015	20	14	0.087	<0.03–0.535
	2016	10	10	0.429	0.046–1.02
ENN B1	2015	20	8	0.016	<0.016–0.061
	2016	10	6	0.023	<0.016–0.075
BEAU	2015	20	11	0.003	<0.002–0.011
	2016	10	1	0.002	<0.002–0.002
ENN A1	2015	20	4	0.005	<0.005–0.015
	2016	10	5	0.005	<0.005–0.014
D3G	2015	20	2	0.05	<0.05–0.095
	2016	10	6	0.076	<0.05–0.114
AME	2015	20	5	0.004	<0.004–0.012
	2016	10	0	-	-
AOH	2015	20	1	0.004	<0.004–0.008
	2016	10	1	0.004	<0.004–0.004
ENN A	2015	20	0	-	-
	2016	10	1	0.002	<0.002–0.003

^aResults <LOQ were set to the value of the LOQ for calculation of the median.

Table 4. DON (mg kg⁻¹) in harvest sample grade composites of Canada Western Amber Durum (CWAD).

Year	1 CWAD	2 CWAD	3 CWAD	4 CWAD	5 CWAD
2010^a	0.08	0.08	0.07	0.10	-
2013	0.12	<0.05	0.51	0.08	-
2014	-^b	<0.05	0.17	0.12	-
2015	0.069	0.173	0.436	-	-
2016	0.188	0.046	0.794	0.654	3.129

^aData are from Tittlemier, Roscoe, et al. (2013).

^bComposite was not prepared in this year.

Table 5. DON (mg kg⁻¹) in regional composites of Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS).

Grade	Year	Manitoba			Saskatchewan				Alberta
		CR 1	CR 2	CR 3	CR 4	CR 5	CR 6	CR 7	CR 8	CR 9	CR 10
1 CWRS	2013	0.18	0.09	0.14	0.20	<0.05	0.09	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05
	2015	0.517	0.128	0.226	0.066	<0.03	0.086	0.085	0.059	<0.03	<0.03
2 CWRS	2013	0.22	0.23	0.14	0.19	0.08	0.26	0.08	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05
	2014	0.36	0.25	-^a	0.15	0.15	0.46	0.22	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05
	2015	0.153	0.211	0.535	0.254	0.094	0.435	0.087	<0.03	<0.03	<0.03
	2016	1.020	0.422	0.807	0.895	0.435	0.962	0.337	0.109	0.046	0.053
3 CWRS	2014	0.24	-	0.10	0.16	0.06	0.73	0.51	<0.05	<0.05	-

^aComposite was not prepared in this year. See Fig. 2 for specific locations of crop regions (CR).

Table 6. DON and % Fusarium damage linear relationship parameters for various harvest years.

Class	Harvest year	Slope	Intercept	R^2	P value	N samples
CWRS	all years	0.702	0.242	0.729	<0.001	156
	2016	1.051	−0.0644	0.797	<0.001	45
	2015	0.875	−0.175	0.860	<0.001	54
	2011	0.950	0.138	0.462	<0.001	44
	2010	0.297	1.166	0.607	0.002	13*
CWAD	all years	0.659	−0.267	0.866	<0.001	126
	2016	0.591	0.223	0.909	<0.001	38
	2014	0.762	−0.488	0.948	<0.001	60
	2011	0.676	−0.184	0.612	<0.001	15
	2010	no significant relationship			0.136	13*
CESRW	all years	1.059	−0.0847	0.804	<0.001	160
	2016	no significant relationship			0.894	29
	2015	1.335	−0.243	0.896	<0.001	53
	2014	0.771	0.0884	0.712	<0.001	30
	2013	0.602	0.292	0.706	<0.001	48

*Samples analysed were composites of individual samples with the same Fusarium damage within ± 0.5%.

Tittlemier SA, Roscoe M, Trelka R, Gaba D, Chan JM, Patrick SK, Sulyok M, Krska R, McKendry T, Gräfenhan T. 2013. Fusarium damage in small cereal grains from western Canada. 2. Occurrence of Fusarium toxins and their source organisms in durum wheat harvested in 2010. J Agric Food Chem. 61:5438–5448.

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