Structure and diversity of Fusarium communities inhabiting non-cultivated grass inflorescences in New York State

Figures & data

Fig. 1 Grass inflorescences were sampled from 19 locations over 2 years. Field sites were divided between two regions of New York State and two land-use categories: agricultural and natural

Table 1. Sampling depth over years, regions and land uses

Year	Region	Land Use	Spikes Sampled	Fusarium Isolates
2016	Central	Agricultural	695	67
		Natural	495	46
2017	Central	Agricultural	576	251
		Natural	410	176
	Northeastern	Agricultural	780	247
		Natural	338	70

Table 2. Fusarium isolates recovered from grass species

Species	acuminatum	avenaceum	camptoceras	FGSC^a	FIESC^b	lactis	poae	proliferatum	sambucinum	sporotrichioides	subglutinans
Alopecurus arundinaceus	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Brachypodium sylvaticum	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bromus commutatus	–	–	–	14	1	–	–	–	–	4	–
Bromus inermis	2	2	1	41	4	–	2	–	1	65	–
Bromus secalinus	–	–	–	1	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Dactylis glomerata	2	6	–	160	4	–	2	–	–	58	–
Elymus repens	1	4	–	62	2	–	11	2	–	31	1
Festuca spp.	2	3	–	43	6	–	3	–	–	31	–
Hordeum jubatum	–	1	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	1	–
Lolium perenne	–	–	–	–	–	–	2	–	–	1	–
Panicum spp.	–	1	–	3	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Phalaris arundinacea	–	1	–	81	1	1	8	–	–	42	–
Phleum pratense	–	5	–	37	9	–	11	–	–	39	–
Poa annua	–	2	–	15	3	–	1	–	–	14	–
Typha latifolia	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–

^aFusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) or Fusarium graminearum sensu lato

^bFusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC)

Fig. 2 The probability of a given Fusarium species occuring in a region and land use. Bars represent 95% confidence intervals from multinomial logistic regression estimates

Fig. 3 Effective species, or Hill numbers (qD), were obtained by rarifying species abundance and compared across year, region, and land use. Fusarium species diversity differed significantly between years and regions but not between land uses. Filled bars represent mean values and error bars indicate standard deviation. Pairwise comparisons were conducted to identify differences in mean effective species number at each order of q, and Tukey’s Honest significant differences were calculated at alpha = 0.05. Bars of the same shade with the same letter were not significantly different

Fig. 4 Community dissimilarity visualized with a non-metric multidimensional scaling plot (Stress = 0.141). According to a PERMANOVA of Bray-Curtis dissimilarities, the effect of year and region were significant

Fig. 5 Principal components analysis of Fusarium species abundance at 19 sites. Community differences were attributable to large variation in the occurrence of two Fusarium species, sporotrichioides and graminearum. Central New York sites in 2016 experienced a drought, which led to communities more similar to those in low host density Northeastern New York during 2017 than to nearby communities in 2017 during a year of average rainfall