The potential of Trichoderma brevicompactum for controlling root rot on Atractylodes macrocephala

Figures & data

Fig. 1 (Colour online) Above-ground symptoms on Atractylodes macrocephala 14 d after inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum. Control (a) and inoculated (b) plants are shown

Fig. 2 (Colour online) Growth of Trichoderma brevicompactum and characteristics of fungal cultures in phosphorus-reduced and CAS media. (a) A phosphorus-reduced medium (PRM) (arrows point to phosphate solubilization circles)., (c) A yellow halo around the fungal culture on the CAS medium (arrows point to the yellow halos). (b, d) Controls grown on PDA

Fig. 3 Morphology of Fusarium oxysporum hyphae in single (a) and dual-culture with Trichoderma brevicompactum (b) as visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Arrows indicate broken or deformed F. oxysporum hyphae

Fig. 4 Promotion of Atractylodes macrocephala seedling growth by Trichoderma brevicompactum. Number of lateral roots (a) and lateral root length (b). Statistically significant differences at P < 0.05 (*) and P < 0.01 (**) are indicated relative to controls

Table 1. Effects of different Fusarium oxysporum and Trichoderma brevicompactum treatments on the growth of Atractylodes macrocephala

Treatment^a	Whole plant fresh weight (g)	Plant height (g)	Root dry weight (g)	Root length (cm)
CK	14.0 ± 5.3	25.0 ± 5.0	2.4 ± 0.8	7.33 ± 1.15
Fo	12.6 ± 2.5	24.0 ± 1.7	1.6 ± 0.3	4.66 ± 0.57
Fo + Tb	33.3 ± 12.9 ^*▲	36.7 ± 10.4 ^*▲	5.1 ± 1.2	18.6 ± 4.16^*▲
Tb + Fo	38.7 ± 9. 5^*▲	35.0 ± 8.7	6.6 ± 2.1 ^*▲	7.66 ± 3.51^*▲
Tb	44.7 ± 15.5 ^*▲	36.7 ± 4.2 ^*▲	6.7 ± 2.9 ^*▲	18.0 ± 9.84^*▲
Ca	20.0 ± 8.7	36.0 ± 4.4	2.1 ± 1.1	4.16 ± 0.28

^aCK: Control; Ca: carbendazim; Fo: Fusarium oxysporum; Tb: Trichoderma brevicompactum; Tb + Fo: T. brevicompactum + F. oxysporum; Fo + Tb: F. oxysporum + T. brevicompactum

*Significantly different from CK (P < 0.05)

^▲Significantly different from FO (P < 0.05)

Fig. 5 (Colour online) Effect of different treatments on the survival rates of Atractylodes macrocephala. CK: Control group; Ca: carbendazim; Fo: Fusarium oxysporum; Tb: Trichoderma brevicompactum; Tb + Fo: T. brevicompactum + F. oxysporum; Fo + Tb: F. oxysporum + T. brevicompactum. Statistically significant differences at P < 0.05 (*) are indicated relative to controls

Fig. 6 Catalase (CAT), polyoxygenase (PPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves of Atractylodes macrocephala 60 d after treatment with carbendazim or various inoculations with Fusarium oxysporum and/or Trichoderma brevicompactum. CK: Control group; Ca: carbendazim; Fo: Fusarium oxysporum group; Tb: Trichoderma brevicompactum group; Tb + Fo: T. brevicompactum + F. oxysporum group; Fo + Tb: F. oxysporum + T. brevicompactum group