Pandemic Racism in Australia: A Systematic Review

Figures & data

Table 1. Search strategy.

MEDLINE Search Strategy (adapted for other databases as needed)

(TI (discrim* OR prejud* OR racis* OR islamophob* OR ‘anti semit*’ OR racial OR ethnic OR victimi* OR ‘anti-migra*’ OR stereotyp* OR stigma* OR ‘micro aggress*’ OR ‘race-based’ OR ‘unfair treat*’ OR mistreat* OR vilification* OR ‘anti immigra*’ OR ‘anti refuge*’ OR ‘anti Muslim*’ OR ‘anti Indigen*’ OR ‘anti aboriginal*’ OR ‘anti Asian*’ OR ‘anti African*’ OR ‘anti black*’) OR AB (discrim* OR prejud* OR racis* OR islamophob* OR ‘anti semit*’ OR racial OR ethnic OR victimi* OR ‘anti-migra*’ OR stereotyp* OR stigma* OR ‘micro aggress*’ OR ‘race-based’ OR ‘unfair treat*’ OR mistreat* OR vilification* OR ‘anti immigra*’ OR ‘anti refuge*’ OR ‘anti Muslim*’ OR ‘anti Indigen*’ OR ‘anti aboriginal*’ OR ‘anti Asian*’ OR ‘anti African*’ OR ‘anti black*’)) AND (TI (Australia* OR Victoria* OR Melbourne* OR ‘New south wales’ OR Sydney OR Queensland OR ‘Northern Territory’ OR ‘Australian Capital Territory’ OR Tasmania OR ‘Western Australia’ OR ‘South Australia’) OR AB (Australia* OR Victoria* OR Melbourne* OR ‘New south wales’ OR Sydney OR Queensland OR ‘Northern Territory’ OR ‘Australian Capital Territory’ OR Tasmania OR ‘Western Australia’ OR ‘South Australia’))

Figure 1. PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for new systematic reviews which included searches of databases and registers only. From: Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021;372:n71. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71. For more information, visit: http://www.prisma-statement.org/

Table 2. Characteristics of studies reporting pandemic racism data.

#	Author, year of publication	Period of racism data collected	Data collection methods	Study location	Sample size	Participant ethnic, racial, national backgrounds
1	Berg & Farbenblum, 2020a; 2020b	July 2020	Survey	Nationally	N=6149	Temporary visa holders, especially international students
2	Biddle et al., 2020	April 2020; October 2020 (with comparisons to 2019)	Survey/Poll	Nationally	N=3043	General population, with focus on Asian Australians
3	Coffey et al., 2021	May - June 2020	Interviews and text/ image/video posts	Victoria - Melbourne	N=3	International students - various backgrounds
4	Cooney-O'Donoghue et al., 2022	July - November 2020.	Interviews	Victoria	N=55	Refugees and asylum seekers, and their managers - various backgrounds
5	Doery et al., 2020; 2022	June 2020	Survey	Victoria	N=376	General population, with focus on multicultural backgrounds
6	Fronek et al., 2021	December 2019 - July 2020	Psychological assessment	Queensland	N=151	International students - various backgrounds
7	Kamp et al., 2021; 2022	November 2020 - February 2021	Survey	Nationally	N=2003	Asian Australian
8	Kassam & Hsu, 2021; Hsu & Kassam, 2022	November 2020, September - October 2021	Survey/Poll	Nationally	N=1040 in 2020; N=1002 in 2021, with comparisons to the general population	Chinese Australian
9	Li and Chen, 2021	May 2019 - May 2020	Interviews and participant observation	Nationally	N=31 (not including participant observation)	Chinese based in Australia
10	Lim & McDonald, 2022	June - August 2020	Survey	Nationally	N=113	Asian Australian
11	Ma et al., 2022	September 2020	Survey	Victoria - Melbourne	N=1132	Asian Australian
12	Markus, 2020; Markus, 2021; O’Donnell, 2022 (Mapping Social Cohesion)	July 2020, November 2020, July 2021, July 2022	Survey	Nationally	General population: N=5883 in 2020; N=3572 in 2021; N=5757 in 2022. Chinese Australians: N=500 in 2020	General population in 2020 -2022, and Chinese Australians in 2020
13	O'Keeffe & Daley, 2022	June - July 2020	Social media posts	Victoria - Melbourne	N=48	Not specified, residents of public housing
14	Roder et al., 2022	March - August 2020	Ecological design	Victoria	N=15482	General population, with focus on people born overseas/ LOTE/ Indigenous peoples
15	Simic, 2021	2020 - 2021 (months unspecified)	Autoethnography	Victoria - Melbourne	N=1	Bosnian migrant of refugee background
16	Tan et al., 2021	August - September 2020	Survey	Nationally	N=1375	General population, expressing anti-Asian racism
17	Weng et al., 2021a; 2021b.	July - August 2020	Interviews and census data	Victoria – Melbourne + Tasmania - Hobart	N=34	Migrants of various backgrounds
18	Zhao et al., 2022	August 2020 - December 2020	Survey	Nationally	N=108	Chinese international students in Australia