Students, community and belonging: an investigation of student experience across six European countries

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of the countries involved in the research.

Country	Welfare regime	Accession to the EU	Tuition fees for full-time undergraduates (2017/18)	Student support for full-time undergraduates (2017/18) – with amounts per annum
Denmark	Social democratic	1973	No tuition fees	c.85% receive needs-based grants (of up to €9703); loans available to those entitled to state grant
England	Liberal	1973 (left in 2020)	High fees, typically £9250 per year	No grants; loans available to all
Germany	Corporatist	1952	No tuition fees; administrative fee of up to €300 per semester	c.25% of students receive need-based grants (up to €8820 – includes integrated loan)
Ireland	Catholic corporatist	1973	No tuition fees; ‘student contribution’ of €3000 per year	c.44% of students receive need-based grants (up to €5915); no loans available
Poland	Post-Communist	2004	No tuition fees; one-off administrative fee of c. €47 per year	c.16% of students receive need-based grants (€1244) and 8% merit-based grants (average €1113); loans available to those on lower incomes
Spain	Mediterranean/ sub-protective	1986	c.71% of students pay fees; average amount of €1213 per year	c.30% of students receive need-based grants (up to €6682); no loans available