Acute Effects of a Spinach Extract Rich in Thylakoids on Satiety: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial

Figures & data

Table 1. Energy and Macronutrient Content of Standard Lunch and Breakfast Meals

Food	Energy (kcal)	Protein (g)	Carbohydrate (g)	Fat (g)
Breakfast
Whole wheat bread	133.0	4.9	22.6	1.6
Butter, salted	22.0	0.0	0.0	2.4
Cheese, cheddar	52.0	3.2	0.2	4.3
Extra-lean ham	43.0	5.7	0.7	1.4
Egg, scrambled	50.0	3.3	0.7	3.7
Water	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total	300.0	17.1	24.2	13.4
Lunch
Oven-roasted turkey	75.0	15.0	1.5	0.8
Cheese, Swiss	120.0	8.5	1.7	8.8
Whole wheat bread	165.0	6.0	28.0	2.0
Lettuce	4.0	0.3	0.8	0.1
Tomatoes	5.0	0.3	1.2	0.1
Mayonnaise	115.0	0.2	0.6	12.5
Mustard, yellow	7.0	0.4	0.5	0.4
Fritolay Sunchips	209.0	3.4	28.6	9.0
Fruit salad	50.0	0.0	15.0	0.0
Water	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total	750.0	34.1	77.9	33.7

Table 2. Characteristics at Baseline of 59 Participants Who Were Included in the Mixed Model Analysis

	Mean	SD	Range
Age (years)	35.3	12.4	18–64
Height (cm)	171.4	9.6	153.2–194.5
Weight (kg)	88.0	10.9	67.3–114.0
BMI (kg/m^2)	29.9	2.6	25.2–34.5
Percentage body fat	35.1	8.3	20.4–47.8
Waist circumference (cm)	97.8	6.4	88.9–114.3

BMI = body mass index.

Fig. 1. Visual analog scale ratings for satiety (n = 59) over 2 hours after consuming the spinach extract or a placebo. (A) Hunger: overall differences, 4.0720 mm ± 1.52 (p < 0.01), *120 minutes (p < 0.01). (B) Fullness: overall differences, 3.62 mm (p = 0.04), *60 minutes (p = 0.03). (C) Longing for food: overall differences, 4.50 mm ± 1.32 (p < 0.01), *60 minutes (p < 0.03) and *120 minutes (p < 0.01). (D) Prospective intake: overall differences, 3.83 mm ± 1.35 (p < 0.01), *60 minutes (p = 0.03) and *120 minutes (p = 0.03). (E) Satisfaction: overall differences were not significant. Values are mean ± standard error.

Fig. 2. Visual analog scale ratings for satiety (n = 59) over 2 hours after consuming the spinach extract or a placebo. Values are mean ± standard error. (A) Desire for salty food: overall differences, 5.14 mm ± 1.09 (p < 0.01), *30 minutes (p = 0.02), *60 minutes (p < 0.01), and *120 minutes (p < 0.01). (B) Desire for savory food: overall differences, 4.22 mm ± 1.4 (p < 0.01) *60 minutes (p < 0.01). (C) Desire for sweet food: overall differences were not significant. (D) Thirst: overall differences, 6.16 mm ± 1.46 (p < 0.01) *30 minutes (p < 0.01), *60 minutes (p = 0.03), and *120 minutes (p = 0.04).

Fig. 3. Difference in fasting and 2-hour post-lunch plasma glucose concentrations between the spinach extract and placebo conditions. *Significantly different at p < 0.01. Values are mean ± standard error.