Development and Validation of a Knowledge Scale About the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (KS-BPSD) Among Chinese Formal Caregivers

Figures & data

Table 1. Expert’s ratings on the 14 items.

Item	Importance score
	Expert 1	Expert 2	Expert 3
(1) Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) occur frequently on patients with dementia. [True]	4	5	5
(2) Psychological symptoms (e.g., Apathy, depression, anxiety) are common BPSD among Chinese patients. [True]	2	5	5
(3) BPSD have different clinical manifestations in different stages of dementia. [True]	4	4	5
(4) BPSD could be a result of a myriad of biopsychosocial factors. [True]	4	4	5
(5) BPSD cannot be cured. [False]	4	4	5
(6) Most BPSD are related with emotions. [True]	4	4	5
(7) Early intervention does not help caregivers manage patients’ BPSD. [False]	4	4	5
(8) Poor interactions between patients with dementia and the caregiver can exacerbate BPSD. [True]	4	4	5
(9) Medication should be the first choice for treating BPSD. [False]	3	5	5
(10) BPSD are the major source for caregiving burden. [True]	4	5	5
(11) Supporting programs for caregivers can help them manage BPSD more effectively. [True]	4	4	5
(12) The daily care of patient with BPSD should only focus on meeting their practical needs instead of psychological needs. [False]	4	4	5
(13) Compared with other symptoms of dementia, treatment on BPSD can reduce caregiving burden more effectively. [True]	4	4	5
(14) BPSD have a significant impact on patients’ physical and mental health. [True]	3	5	5

BPSD: behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.

Table 2. Demographic information (N = 229).

Variables	n (%)
Sex
Males	51(22.3)
Females	178(77.7)
Age
18–31	43(18.8)
32–44	76(33.2)
45–57	86(37.6)
58–70	24(10.5)
Marital status
Married	187(81.7)
Unmarried	30(13.1)
Divorced	6(2.6)
Widowed	6(2.6)
Education
Junior high school and below	72(31.4)
High school/ Technical secondary school	49(21.4)
University/ Junior college	105(45.9)
Postgraduate and above	3(1.3)
How long you have been caring for people with dementia.
1–6 months	24(10.5)
6–12 months	33(14.4)
1–3 years	47(20.5)
3–10 years	59(25.8)
Over 10 years	66(28.8)
Whether you have participated in education programs related to dementia.
Yes	185(80.8)
No	44(19.2)

Table 3. The properties of individual item.

Item	Discrimination Index (D)	Difficulty index	Item-total correlation
Item 1	0.66	0.63	0.47
Item 2	0.59	0.68	0.45
Item 3	0.57	0.72	0.55
Item 4	0.74	0.57	0.52
Item 5	0.57	0.39	0.28
Item 6	0.44	0.35	0.30
Item 7	0.72	0.58	0.49
Item 8	0.62	0.53	0.45
Item 9	0.19	0.20	0.06
Item 10	0.54	0.47	0.29
Item 11	0.64	0.71	0.48
Item 12	0.67	0.66	0.42
Item 13	0.74	0.56	0.52
Item 14	0.68	0.61	0.56

Table 4. EFA item loadings.

Item	Factor 1 Care and Risks	Factor 2 Disease Characteristics	Factor 3 Treatment Needs
Item 1: BPSD occur frequently on patients with dementia	0.08	0.84	0.13
Item 2: Psychological symptoms are common BPSD among Chinese patients.	0.15	0.84	−0.01
Item 3: BPSD have different clinical manifestations in different stages of dementia.	0.29	0.74	0.09
Item 5: BPSD cannot be cured.	0.02	−0.06	0.78
Item 6: Most BPSD are related with emotions.	0.70	0.07	−0.13
Item 7: Early intervention does not help caregivers manage patients’ BPSD.	0.05	0.45	0.62
Item 8: Poor interactions between patients with dementia and the caregiver can exacerbate BPSD.	0.61	0.17	0.11
Item 10: BPSD are the major source for caregiving burden.	0.60	0.19	−0.19
Item 11: Supporting programs for caregivers can help them manage BPSD more effectively.	0.60	0.13	0.30
Item 12: The daily care of patient with BPSD should only focus on meeting their practical needs instead of psychological needs.	0.16	0.10	0.77
Item 13: Compared with other symptoms of dementia, treatment on BPSD can reduce caregiving burden more effectively.	0.71	0.01	0.32
Item 14: BPSD have a significant impact on patients’ physical and mental health.	0.58	0.19	0.36

Factor 1 (Care and Risks) includes: item 6, item 8, item 10, item 11, item 13, and item 14.

Factor 2 (Disease Characteristics) includes: item 1, item 2, and item 3.

Factor 3 (Treatment Needs) includes: item 5, item 7, and item 12.

Data availability statement

The data is available upon reasonable request addressing to the correspondence author (http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/f38m748pz9.1).