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Original Articles

Calibration and synchronisation of law by ZeitgeistFootnote

Pages 99-107 | Received 30 Nov 2013, Accepted 17 Feb 2014, Published online: 24 Mar 2014
 

Abstract

Many tempi run through the orchestration of law, most of them measurable and some not. Zeitgeist (spirit of the time) is one such unmeasurable reference to oralities of law that is quintessentially German. A crossroads notion located at intersections of culture, history, aesthetics and normative structures of society, Zeitgeist escapes translation. Even so, references to Zeitgeist have served in the application of law, and in legal discourses, as an extra-judicial reference order – but not just to bring legal rules and customs on par with mainstream social, cultural and aesthetic transformations. This impact relationship is double-edged in that the orientative force of Zeitgeist moves law as much as law has the power to move the inexorable Zeitgeist. Zeitgeist can be instrumentalised by law to fulfil its two most important functions: calibration, or the conservative impetus to preserve the status quo, and synchronisation, the progressive impetus to contemporise.

Notes

1 Conference on “The Temporalities of Law”, MPI for Social Anthropology, Halle November 28–30, 2012.

1. See Würtenberger Citation(1991, 21).

2. Cited by Würtenberger Citation(1991, 23). Original source: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Werke, Briefe und Gespräche. Gedenkausgabe, hrsg. von E. Beutler, Band 14, 2. Auflage 1964, S. 705. We find another allusion to Zeitgeist in Goethes “Faust”, part 1, in the remarks of WAGNER: “Verzeiht! es ist ein groß Ergetzen, Sich in den Geist der Zeiten zu versetzen; Zu schauen, wie vor uns ein weiser Mann gedacht, Und wie wir's dann zuletzt so herrlich weit gebracht”.

3. Meumann Citation(2012, 292 et seq.) refers to Icon animorum by Barclay and De dignitate et augmentis scientiarium by Bacon; cf. Kempter Citation(1990/1991) who mentions the “Cahiers” de Montesquieu: “chaque siècle a son génie particulier”, et les “Lettres persanes”; and John Barclay's “Icon animorum”, published in 1614, with similar references to the genius saeculorum.

5. “der bleierne Druck des Zeitgeistes”, Kempter Citation(1990/1991, 54), referring to Bernhard Suphan, Herder. Sämmtliche Werke, hrsg. von Bernhard Suphan, Berlin 1877–1913, vol. III, 424.

6. See the references in Kempter Citation(1990/1991, 54 et seq.).

7. See Kempter Citation(1990/1991, 56).

8. Interesting insights can be found in the contributions in Bremer (ed.) Citation(2013); cf. Lohsträter Citation(2013).

9. http://www.juris.de/jportal/portal, keyword “Zeitgeist” (16 November 2013).

10. Verwaltungsgericht Bayreuth 2.2.2012 – B 2 K 11.482.

11. VG Koblenz 9.9.2011 – 5 L 847/11.KO.

12. Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien.

13. “Existiert damit eine unabhängige Instanz, die die jugendgefährdende Wirkung von Musiktiteln prüft und den jeweiligen Zeitgeist im Blick behält (vgl. § 18 Abs. 7 JuSchG), so entfaltet deren Einschätzung jedenfalls eine Indizwirkung für die Beurteilung der Jugendgefährdung nach § 7 JuSchG”.

14. Bundesverfassungsgericht 11.10.1977 BVerfGE 46, 73 = NJW 1978, 581.

15. Translation by the author. Bundesverfassungsgericht loc. cit.: “Jede Stiftung ist in das historisch-gesellschaftliche Milieu eingebunden, innerhalb dessen sie entstanden ist. Eine Stiftung aus dem Jahr 1849 kann man deshalb nicht ohne Rücksicht auf die 120 Jahre ihres bisherigen Bestehens ausschließlich anhand der 1970 neugefaßten Satzung rechtlich qualifizieren. Das eigentümliche einer Stiftung ist, daß der Stifterwille für die Stiftung dauernd konstitutiv bleibt. Charakter und Zweck der Stiftung liegen mit diesem Anfang in die Zukunft hinein und für die Dauer der Existenz der Stiftung fest. Deshalb sind auch die Erklärungen der Stifter aus dem zu ihrer Zeit herrschenden örtlichen Zeitgeist heraus auszulegen. Auch die Satzung aus dem Jahre 1970 läßt sich aus diesem Zusammenhang nicht herauslösen; man darf sie also nicht kurzerhand ‘säkularisieren’”.

16. Rochin v. California, 342 US 165 (1952), at http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court = us&vol = 342&invol = 165.

17. See Rüthers Citation(1997, 27).

18. Legal philosophy is also occasionally referred to by courts, cf. Verwaltungsgericht Frankfurt of 15 November 2012 – 1 K 1149/12.F

19. Cf. Weber (1975), Roscher's “Historical Method”, in: Roscher and Knies: The Logical Problems of Historical Economics, translated with an introduction by Guy Oakes, Free Press, New York, 1975, pp. 55–91: “Savigny and his school, in their struggle against the legislative rationalism of the Enlightenment, found evidence of the fundamentally irrational character of law. Laws develop and obtain within a cultural community. They cannot be deduced from general maxims. Emphasizing the inseparable connection between law and all other aspects of cultural life, they hypostatized the concept of an essentially irrational and unique ‘Volksgeist’ as the source of law, language, and the entire cultural capital of a people. They did this in order to make the necessarily unique character of every genuinely popular law intelligible. This concept ‘Volksgeist’ does not function as a provisional heuristic device for the preliminary description of a large number of concrete perceptual phenomena the logical status of which remains unclarified. On the contrary, it is treated as a real, uniform entity which has a metaphysical status. It is not the result of countless cultural influences. Just to the contrary, it is viewed as the actual ground of all the individual cultural manifestations of a Volk, the source from which they all emanate” (61).

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