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Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Vanessa Schwartz, Martin Collins, and an anonymous referee for very helpful comments on previous drafts of this essay.
Notes
1. Biette, Le métropolitain de Paris; Bobrick, Labyrinths of Iron, 133–68; Cottereau, ‘Les batailles pour la création du Métro’; Desabres, ‘The Parisian Subway, 1880–1900.’
2. Ossadzow, ‘Les pères du métropolitain.’
3. Evenson, Paris; Pike, Subterranean Cities, 47–68; Bobrick, Labyrinths of Iron. For more on cultural images of technology, especially subways, see Rosalind Williams’ classic Notes on the Underground.
4. Nicholas Papayanis explained that the term connotes ‘both adornment and infrastructural amenities,’ see Papayanis, Planning Paris before Haussmann, 16.
5. Quoted in Jordan, Transforming Paris, 274; Goubert, The Conquest of Water, 67; and Reid, Paris Sewers and Sewermen, 29.
6. Hahn, Scenes of Parisian Modernity, 143–61; Marcus, Apartment Stories, 135–66; Schwartz, Spectacular Realities, 13–45.
7. Rapport de la Commission spéciale sur l’étude des chemins de fer et tramways d’intérêt local a établir dans le département de la Seine.
8. Evenson, Paris, 93, 103–4 (quotes 93).
9. Robida, ‘L’Embellissement de Paris par le Metro’; Emery, ‘Protecting the Past.’
10. Société des Ingénieurs Civils de France, Mémoires et compte-rendu des travaux, 265–9. See also Evenson, Paris and Pikes Subterranean Cities.
11. Heuzé, Chemin de fer transversal; Garnier, Avant-projet. Various plans from the Milinaire Brothers, 1883–6, can be found in the Archives Nationales F/14/9154.
12. Letter from Eugène Chardon, member of the Society for the Friends of Parisian Monuments, to its President, Charles Garnier (30 April 1887), Bibliothèque Nationale 8-V Pièce-6342.
13. Heuzé, Chemin de fer transversal; Garnier Avant-projet; see also: ‘Lettres de Londres,’ Le Temps (8 January 1872); quote from Bobrick, Labyrinths of Iron, 142–3.
14. Frémaux, Rapport de l’Inspecteur général.