Dynamics of intra-urban employment geographies: A comparative study of U.S. and German metropolitan areas

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics for U.S. and German case study regions 2002, 2015.

City Region	2002		2015
	Total Employm.	Employm. Density(empl./km^2)	Total Employm.	Employm. Density(empl./km^2)	Employm. Growth (%)	Land Area (km^2)
Atlanta	2,057,056	214.50	2,600,324	271.08	26.41	9,592.26
Pittsburgh	825,090	212.14	864,199	222.19	4.74	3,889.33
Seattle	1,353,879	462.13	1,630,206	556.45	20.41	2,929.63
Berlin	1,330,556	207.07	1,719,129	267.54	29.20	6,425.68
Hamburg	1,349,295	121.60	1,661,384	149.72	23.13	11,096.34
Nuremberg	562,360	104,41	719,759	142.78	27.99	5,041.06

Delineation of case study regions based on travel time isochrones of 60 minutes (Atlanta, Seattle, Berlin, Hamburg) or 45 minutes (Pittsburgh, Nuremberg) based on a free flow road network. Source: Own calculations based on United States Census Bureau (2020) and Institut für Arbeitsmarkt und Berufsforschung (2020).

Figure 1. Employment concentrations in U.S. city regions 2002, 2015. Notes: Delineation of case study regions based on 60-minute travel time isochrones (Atlanta, Seattle) or 45 minutes (Pittsburgh), given a free-flow road network. Source: Own calculations.

Figure 2. Employment concentrations in German city regions 2002, 2015. Notes: Delineation of case study regions based on 60-minute travel time isochrones (Berlin, Hamburg) or 45 minutes (Nuremberg), given a free-flow road network. Source: Own calculations.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of employment concentrations in U.S. and German city regions 2002, 2015.

City Region	2002				2015				Area Persist. Score
	N Centers	~Center Empl.	~ Center Area (km^2)	~Center Density	N Centers	~ Center Empl.	~Center Area(km^2)	~Center Density
Atlanta	31	21,244	3.93	5,408	30	21,879	4.33	5,052	0.68
Pittsburgh	9	25,426	3.57	7,122	12	20,370	3.99	5,105	0.62
Seattle	11	42,424	3.10	14,459	11	45,458	2.80	15,151	0.67
Berlin	15	44,485	6.56	6,783	11	76,795	8.21	9,356	0.71
Hamburg	14	39,704	5.13	7,734	13	54,588	6.52	8,374	0.75
Nuremberg	17	17,107	3.56	4,802	17	20,889	3.44	6,076	0.74

Source: Own calculations based on United States Census Bureau (2020) and Institut für Arbeitsmarkt und Berufsforschung (2020).

Table 3. Size distribution of employment concentrations in U.S. and German city regions 2002, 2015.

City Region	2002			2015
	Primacy Index	Rank-Size Coefficient	Green Index	Primacy Index	Rank Size Coefficient	Green Index
Atlanta	0.290	−1.021	0.547	0.292	−1.009	0.544
Pittsburgh	0.596	−2.034	0.442	0.506	−1.883	0.448
Seattle	0.525	−1.484	0.443	0.541	−1.550	0.440
Berlin	0.760	−2.310	0.354	0.840	−2.565	0.348
Hamburg	0.762	−2.321	0.354	0.769	−2.292	0.354
Nuremberg	0.615	−1.903	0.369	0.513	−1.779	0.366

Source: Own calculations based on United States Census Bureau (2020) and Institut für Arbeitsmarkt und Berufsforschung (2020).

Figure 3. Spatial distribution of employment in U.S. city regions 2002, 2015. Source: Own calculations based on United States Census Bureau (2020).

Figure 4. Spatial distribution of employment in German city regions 2002, 2015. Source: Own calculations based on Institut für Arbeitsmarkt und Berufsforschung (2020).