Averting dead mall syndrome: De-malling and the future of the purpose-built shopping center in large UK cities

Figures & data

Table 1. Estimated vacancy rate of units in purpose-built shopping centers sampled.

City	Shopping Center	Opening Date	Closure Date	Size (m^2)	Vacancy Rate (as % of units)
					2000	2005	2010	2017
Edinburgh	Multrees Walk	2003	—	18,500 m^2	—	12.5%	11.9%	4.8%
	St. James Center	1970	2016	42,000 m^2	1.7%	12.3%	30.1%	—
	St. James Quarter^a	2021		78,968 m^2	—	—	—	—
	Waverley Mall	1984	—	8,000 m^2	8.2%	9.1%	10.4%	8.3%
Hull	Hepworth Arcade	1890	—	3,000 m^2	0.0%	0.0%	20.0%	0.0%
	Paragon Arcade	1896	—	750 m^2	28.6%	16.7%	14.3%	28.6%
	Princes Quay	1991	—	42,000 m^2	4.1%	2.7%	16.3%	45.6%
	Prospect Center	1979	—	27,000 m^2	0.0%	10.4%	25.0%	12.3%
	St. Stephen’s	2007	—	52,000 m^2	—	—	12.3%	10.0%
Nottingham	Broadmarsh Center	1972	2020	45,000 m^2	4.9%	7.1%	30.3%	45.2%
	Exchange Arcade	1929	—	5,800 m^2	4.5%	0.0%	17.2%	22.2%
	Flying Horse Arcade	1988	—	3,800 m^2	13.3%	6.7%	20.0%	6.3%
	Victoria Center	1972	—	92,000 m^2	8.5%	2.0%	14.0%	12.5%
	West End Arcade	1965	—	300 m^2	10.7%	13.3%	19.1%	26.1%
Glasgow	Buchanan Galleries	1999	—	55,000 m^2	0.0%	1.7%	7.0%	10.8%
	Princes Square	1988	—	12,000 m^2	6.5%	4.5%	1.1%	18.8%
	Savoy Center	1979	—	5,000 m^2	2.1%	3.5%	4.9%	25.3%
	St. Enoch	1989	—	70,000 m^2	0.8%	18.3%	8.3%	22.0%
Liverpool	Cavern Walks Center	1984	2019	10,219 m^2	6.7%	0.0%	16.7%	11.8%
	Central Shopping Center	1973	—	4,180 m^2	13.3%	0.0%	18.8%	0.0%
	Clayton Shopping Center	1989	—	17,500 m^2	3.8%	3.7%	12.2%	30.0%
	Liverpool ONE	2008	—	154,000 m^2	—	—	14.1%	4.4%
	Metquarter	2006	—	15,000 m^2	—	—	22.7%	43.2%
	St. John’s	1969		33,500 m^2	0.0%	2.2%	3.4%	37.2%

^aThe vacancy rate for the St. James Quarter is not included because the center opened after the quantitative phase of the research concluded. The size refers to the retail floorspace in this mixed-use development.