Revisiting labeling theory: empirical test of informal labeling process

Figures & data

Figure 1. Hypothesized model.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics (N = 2,796).

	Mean	SD	Min	Max
Primary delinquency	.601	1.098	0	7
Informal labeling	1.674	.790	1	5
Deviant self-identity	1.842	.722	1	5
Subsequent delinquency	.109	.474	0	6
Gender (0= F, 1= M)	.503	.500	0	1
Parental attachment	3.440	.727	1	5
Low self-control	2.653	.668	1	5
Strainful experiences	2.621	.620	1	5
Depression	2.664	.764	1	5
Delinquent peer association	.934	1.357	0	6
GPA	3.040	.657	1	5
Suspension (0= N, 1= Y)	.010	.098	0	1

Table 2. Bivariate correlations.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
1. Primary delinquency	1	.230**	.192**	.236**	.055**	−.037*	.204**	.047**	.072**	.253**	−.039*	.145**
2. Informal labeling		1	.372**	.188**	.083**	−.165**	.238**	.074**	.112**	.240**	−.141**	.084**
3. Deviant self-identity			1	.149**	.070**	−.200**	.334**	.212**	.241**	.270**	−.200**	.126**
4. Subsequent delinquency				1	.074**	−.054**	.139**	.036	.036*	.254**	−.040*	.204**
5. Gender (0= F, 1= M)					1	−.083**	.049**	−.075**	−.131**	.079**	.068**	.026
6. Parental attachment						1	−.191**	−.176**	−.164**	−.104**	.205**	−.025
7. Low self-control							1	.264**	.235**	.236**	−.205**	.069**
8. Strainful experiences								1	.400**	.081**	−.103**	.032
9. Depression									1	.090**	−.075**	.020
10. DPA										1	−.115**	.150**
11. GPA											1	.002
12. Suspension (0= N, 1= Y)												1

DPA= Delinquency peer association.

P**< .01, P*< .05.

Figure 2. Standardized path estimates for analysis model.