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Research Article

Revisiting embodiment for brain–computer interfaces

Barış Serima Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, FinlandCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1553-9642View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Michiel Spapéb Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, FinlandORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3126-1380View further author information
ORCID Icon &
Giulio Jacuccia Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, FinlandORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-7928View further author information
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Received 02 Jun 2021, Accepted 13 Jan 2023, Published online: 13 Feb 2023

Figures & data

Figure 1. A vastly simplified model of interaction based on an understanding of cognition and motor execution as a staged process (after Card et al., Citation1983). In comparison to motor input (left), BCIs (right) allow bypassing body movements. Note that directness can come in different degrees (e.g., directly accessing thoughts or sensing motor imagery).

Figure 1. A vastly simplified model of interaction based on an understanding of cognition and motor execution as a staged process (after Card et al., Citation1983). In comparison to motor input (left), BCIs (right) allow bypassing body movements. Note that directness can come in different degrees (e.g., directly accessing thoughts or sensing motor imagery).

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