WRITING AN UN/BROKEN LANGUAGE: MULTILINGUALISM, TRANSLATION, AND THE RISE OF AFRIKAANS

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Notes

^1. A. Hulshof, H.A. Van Reede Tot Drakestein: Journaal Van Zijn Verblijf Aan De Kaap. (Utrecht: Kemink, 1941), 36. Online access: https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/262549 (The quoted text is in my translation).

^2. Published by P. A. Brand in Cape Town in 1832.

^3. Martin van Bruinessen, “A Nineteenth-century Kurdish Scholar in South Africa,” in Mullas, Sufis and Heretics: The Role of Religion in Kurdish Society. Collected Articles. (Istanbul: The Isis Press, 2000), 2. Online access: http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/20695

^4. Johannes Du Pessis Scholtz, Die Afrikaner en sy Taal, 1806–1875 (Kaapstad, Nasionale Pers, 1939), 111.

^5. Sandra Swart, “The Construction of Eugène Marais as an Afrikaner Hero,” Journal of Southern African Studies 30, no. 4 (2004): 847.

^6. Quoted by Anne-Marie Beukes, “On Language Heroes and the Modernizing Movement of Afrikaner Nationalism,” Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 25, no 3 (2007): 246.

^7. David Harrison. The White Tribe of Africa: South African Perspective (Johannesburg: Macmillan South Africa, 1986), 48.

^8. Ibid., 251.

^9. Jacob Cornelius Steyn, Tuiste in eie taal: Die behoud en bestaan van Afrikaans (Kaapstad: Tafelberg, 1980), 173.

^10. S. J. Du Toit, Di Eerste Boek van Moses, Genoem Génesis (Paarl: DF du Toit. 1893), 5. (The quoted text is in my translation.)

^11. Ibid., 6.

^12. Ibid.

^13. Jacobus Naudé, “Representation of Poetry in Afrikaans Bible Translations: A Corpus-Based Analysis,” Language Matters, 35, no. 1 (2004): 242.

^14. Report of the British and Foreign Bible Society, Volume 101, London: British and Foreign Bible Society Philanthropic Society, 1905, 375.

^15. C. Van Rensburg and S. Konteks, “Ná honderd jaar: Die Afrikaans van die eerste taalkommissie,” Tydskrif Vir Geesteswetenskappe 57, no. 2 (2017): 249.

^16. Betine Van Zyl Smit, “Medea praat Afrikaans,” Literator 26 no. 3 (2005): 47.

^17. Betine Van Zyl Smit, “Medea in Afrikaans,” in Alma Parens Originalis?: The Receptions of Classical Literature and Thought in Africa, Europe, the United States, and Cuba. ed. John Hilton and Anne Gosling (Bern: Peter Lang, 2007), 74.

^18. Johannes Lambertus van Schaik, an immigrant from the Netherlands, had opened a bookstore and launched the Van Schaik press in 1914; his press was to become a major promoter of local and translated literature in Afrikaans.

^19. Michael Lambert. The Classics and South African Identities (London: Bristol Classical Press, 2011), 138 fn.

^20. Shibani Phukan, “Towards an Indian Theory of Translation,” Wasafiri 18, no. 40 (2004): 29.

^21. Alet Kruger, “‘Bless thee, bottom, bless thee! Thou art translated!’ The Shakespearean phase in South Africa: A socio-cultural perspective,” Journal of Literary Studies 12 no. 4 (1996): 412.

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Peter Constantine

Peter Constantine is director of the Program in Literary Translation at the University of Connecticut. His recent translations include Augustine’s Confessions, The Essential Writings of Rousseau, The Essential Writings of Machiavelli, and works by Tolstoy, Gogol, and Voltaire. He co-edited A Century of Greek Poetry: 1900–2000, and the anthology The Greek Poets: Homer to the Present, which W.W. Norton published in 2010. A Guggenheim Fellow, he was awarded the PEN Translation Prize for Six Early Stories by Thomas Mann, and ALTA’s National Translation Award for The Undiscovered Chekhov. Constantine is editor-in-chief of New Poetry in Translation and publisher of World Poetry Books.